NOTE:- ENGLISH AND HINDI LANGUAGE:-
प्रश्न---- सिन्धु घाटी सभ्यता की उत्पत्ति एवं विकास का उल्लेख करते हुए उसके विस्तार का भी वर्णन करे।
अथवा
हड़प्पा सभ्यता का उदभव एवं विकास से सम्बंधित विभिन्न सिद्धांतो की समालोचना करे।
अथवा
हड़प्पा सभ्यता के निर्माता कौन थे?
Dr. Om Prakash Singh, Assistant Professor, Deptt of History, Government P.G CollegeThakurdwara, Moradabad (U.P) India.
2* देशी मत।
IN ENGLISH:-
Question--- While mentioning the origin and development of Indus Valley Civilization, also describe its expansion.
Or
Critically examine the various theories related to the origin and development of the Harappan Civilization.
Or
Who was the builder of Harappan Civilization?
Ans---- The Indus Valley Civilization originated in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent on the Chalcolithic background. For the first time in 1921 AD, the site of Harappa located in western Punjab of Pakistan was discovered, hence this civilization is also known as Harappan Civilization. The central site of the Indus Civilization is the Indus Valley; from here it was extended to the frontier parts of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh. It extended from Jammu in the north to the mouth of Narmada-Godavari in the south and from Balochistan in the west to Meerut in the northeast. The important material found by excavating these sites throws light on the rise, expansion, form, time, merger, symptoms etc. of this civilization.
The existence of the Harappan culture roughly lasted from 2500 BC to 1800 BC. It seems that for the entire period of its existence, this culture continued to use the same type of tools, weapons and houses, but some features also changed and many colors of civilization-culture were also seen. If we talk about its origin, then the form of Indus civilization that has come to the fore is a developed form, but there is a lack of definite information about its initial stage and gradual development.
Origin and Development of Indus Valley Civilization ----- As we know that any civilization, be it a thing or a person, first arises. After that it attains the stage of disintegration after infancy, puberty, and old age. But the excavated form of the Indus civilization that we have got is fully developed. Whereas information about the infancy stage of its contemporary civilization (Egypt and Mesopotamia) is available. This is the reason that the question of the origin of these civilizations is not as complicated as that of the Indus civilization. Apart from this, due to the vertical excavation of the Indus civilization, its origin remains a puzzle. Scholars have two opinions on the solution of this riddle.
1* Foreign opinion.
2* Native opinion.
1* Foreign opinion ---- Mesopotamia's influence ---- According to scholars who support foreign belief, John Marshall, Garden Child, Sir Martimer Wheeler, D.D. Kaushambi etc. According to scholars, the root of the development of Indus civilization was Mesopotamia of Central Asia. rooted in the Sumerian civilization. These scholars believe that there are many similarities between the Indus civilization and the Sumerian civilization. As such, both the civilizations were urban civilizations. The people of both the civilizations knew the making of bronze, copper and stone tools. The inhabitants of both the civilizations used pottery made of chalk and the inhabitants of both the civilizations had knowledge of the script. On the basis of all these similarities, Mr. Wheeler considers the Indus civilization to be a colony of Sumerian civilization, then D.D. Kaushambi says that the founders of Indus civilization, Egypt and Mesopotamian civilization were people of the same origin. Whereas Kramer Mohday even says that some people came to India in 2400 BC and established the Indus Civilization.
If the opinion of the above scholars is reviewed, then one thing is clearly seen that despite these similarities, there were many fundamental differences in these civilizations, this argument cannot be justified. Therefore, we cannot consider the Indus civilization as a colony of any foreign civilization, because the following inequalities are seen. As--- Yes, it is absolutely true that the nature of both the civilizations was urban, but if seen, the Indus cities appear to be well-planned whereas the cities of Sumerian civilization were unplanned. Proper arrangement of drainage system was done in the cities of Indus civilization, which is not seen in any civilization of the contemporary world. The people of both the civilizations used to manufacture copper, bronze, stone ware, sculpture, terracotta and seals, but in both the civilizations there is a lot of difference in their size and texture. Mesopotamian technology was more advanced than the Indus civilization in the manufacture of tools, their tools were thick and sharp in the middle, while the tools of Indus civilization appeared thin and weak. It is true that the people of both the civilizations had knowledge of the script, but in the Indus script there are 400 letters and in the Sumerian script there are 900 letters. Along with this, there is a lack of temples in the Indus civilization, whereas temples had an important place in the Mesopotamian civilization. That is why it can be said that the origin of the Indus civilization cannot be a colony of any foreign civilization.
2* Native opinion (local environment)--------- Scholars who believe in its origin from the local environment, according to Alchin, J.F. Dales, Fair Service etc. The origin of Indus civilization is Pakistan, Afghanistan, India, Balochistan, Sindh, The development of rural cultures of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Punjab, Western Uttar Pradesh etc. resulted from a long-term process, because the characteristics of pre-Harappan rural culture such as agriculture, animal husbandry, making pottery, sculptures of men and women, etc. Indus civilization. is also taken into account. Evidence can be seen in Amri, Kotdiji, Kalibanga, Mehrgarh, Bahawalpur, etc.
3 * Civilization established by Dravido----- Scholars celebrating its emergence from Dravidian civilization have made the basis of the receipt of Mediterranean skeletons from here. Apart from this, worship of linga-yoni, worship of Shiva and Mother Goddess, matriarchal society etc. is the characteristics of Dravidian civilization. But historical evidence proves that the form of Dravidian civilization was never the same as that of Indus civilization. And the receipt of skeletons is the reason for its emergence, so we have to consider Proto-Australoid and Negronoid as the creator of this civilization. Which is not logical.
4* Civilization established by Aryans----- Prof. T.N. Ramachandran, K.N. Shastri, S. R. Rao etc. Scholars believe the origin of this civilization from Aryans, which is in confusion. Because the Aryans were pastoralists and laborers, who lacked geography and by that time they had not started a permanent life, at the same time, according to their work Rigveda, they can only be the destroyer of cities, not the city creator.
Review of various theories ----- It becomes clear from the above descriptions that the origin and development of Indus culture (Harappan civilization) is a complex and controversial question. Based on the available evidence, it does not seem possible to give a definite and authentic answer to that question. Arguments have been given in favor and against all the stated views. There is such a big difference between Dravidian, Aryan civilization and Indus civilization that Dravidian and Aryan cannot be considered as the father of Indus civilization. The Sumerian and Indus civilizations were contemporary and urban, so contact between the two was possible. The evidence of contact between the two civilizations indicates trade and cultural ties. At the same time, there were some important differences between the two civilizations, on the basis of which it cannot be said that the rise and development of the Indus civilization was due to the Sumerian influence. On the basis of modern archaeological research, this argument seems to be more powerful that the Indus civilization has developed gradually, it has not happened suddenly due to some external influence. The geographical conditions of the region paved the way for the rise of cities. In this, the Indus and its tributaries were the major contributors. The Iranian-Baluchi influences were Indianised and the pre-Indus cultures paved the way for the development of an advanced and developed Indus civilization.
On the basis of the above description, it can be said that the Indus civilization did not develop due to the inspiration of any foreign civilization, while its development was as a result of a long process. To solve the problem of its emergence, we will have to wait until further information is obtained from research and simultaneously the Sandhava script is not read.
Tags:- सिंधु घाटी सभ्यता का उदभव एवं विकास, Ancienthistory.
