NOTE:- HINDI AND ENGLISH LANGUAGE
प्रश्न- इल्तुतमिश की उपलब्धियों का वर्णन करे।
अथवा
प्रश्न -सुल्तान इल्तुतमिश वस्तुतः दिल्ली सल्तनत का वास्तविक
संस्थापक था। क्या आप इस मत से सहमत है?
डॉ०, ओम प्रकाश सिंह
(v) खलीफा से स्वीकृति-पत्र प्राप्त करना--- इल्तुतमिश के राज्यकाल की एक प्रमुख़ घटना है बगदाद के खलीफा से सुल्तान के पद की वैधानिकता प्राप्त करना। अब्बासी खलीफा इल्तुतमिश के कार्यो से प्रसन्न था,अतः उसने 18 फरवरी 1229 ई0 को इल्तुतमिश को दिल्ली का वैधानिक एवं स्वतन्त्र शासक स्वीकार कर लिया। इस प्रकार इल्तुतमिश दिल्ली का वैधानिक सुल्तान बन गया, उसकी प्रतिष्ठा बढ़ गई एवं उसके विरोधी शांत हो गए।
(vi) प्रशासनिक व्यवस्था-- इल्तुतमिश ने अपने साम्राज्य का विस्तार कर उसे संगठित करने का भी प्रयास किया। इस उद्देश्य से उसने प्रचलित प्रशासनिक व्यवस्था में आवश्यकतानुसार परिवर्तन किये। प्रशासनिक कार्यवाही के अंतर्गत उसने अपने साम्राज्य को छोटे-छोटे भू-खण्डों में विभाजित किया। इसे “इक्ता” कहा जाता था, और इसके अधिकारी इक्तादार कहलाते थे। ये इक्तादार अपने क्षेत्रों की लगन वसूली, कानून व्यवस्था, सैन्य व्यवस्था, न्याय आदि गतिविधियों को संचालित करने के लिए जिम्मेदार थे। इक्तादारों को वेतन के रूप में इक्ता से लगन वसूल करने का अधिकार था। इस व्यवस्था ने इल्तुतमिश को प्रशासन में महत्वपूर्ण सहायता प्रदान की।
(vii) मुद्रा-व्यवस्था में सुधार--- इल्तुतमिश का एक अन्य कार्य था, प्रचलित मुद्रा व्यवस्था में सुधार करना। उसने प्रचलित सिक्को के स्थान पर शुद्ध अरबी ढंग से “टंका” चलवाये। ये सोने एवं चाँदी के बने होते थे। जिसका वजन 175 ग्रेन था। इन पर अरबी भाषा मे इल्तुतमिश का नाम अंकित होता था। टंको पर “टकसाल” का नाम खुदवाने की प्रथा भी इल्तुतमिश ने प्रारम्भ की। टंका के अतिरिक्त इल्तुतमिश ने पीतल के “जीतल” भी जारी किया। इन सिक्कों को जारी कर इल्तुतमिश ने अपनी सत्ता के सुदृढ़ीकरण का प्रमाण भी दिया। इल्तुतमिश ने कला और संस्कृति को भी प्रोत्साहन दिया। इस समय दिल्ली शिल्प-कलाकारों, कलाकारों, विद्वानों, संगीतकारों आदि का आश्रय बन गई थी। अर्थात इल्तुतमिश ने इन सभी को अपने साम्राज्य में आश्रय प्रदान किया।
- Must Read Sort History of Iltutmish
- Must Read:- Iqatedari System
इस प्रकार इल्तुतमिश की उपरोक्त उपलब्धियों को देखने से हम इस निष्कर्ष पर पहुँचते है कि एक विजेता और सेनानायक के रूप में इल्तुतमिश की ये उपलब्धियां अत्यंत प्रभवशाली है। उसने नव-स्थापित दिल्ली सल्तनत को न केवल विघटन से बचाया बल्कि उसे एक सुदृढ़ अस्तित्व भी प्रदान किया। अतः निःसंदेह रूप से यह कहा जा सकता है कि दिल्ली सल्तनत का वास्तविक संस्थापक कोई है तो वह इल्तुतमिश ही है।
IN ENGLISH:-
Question- Describe the achievements of Iltutmish.
Or
Question- Sultan Iltutmish was actually the real founder of the Delhi Sultanate. Do you agree with this opinion?
Answer- Iltutmish was the owner of a very important and talented personality among the early Turk Sultans of Delhi Sultanate. Iltutmish became the ruler of Delhi in uncertain political circumstances and in times of very serious crisis. On the strength of his ability and talent, he gave a strong and powerful form to the Delhi Sultanate.
In fact, before Iltutmish, Qutbuddin Aibak started the work of establishing the Delhi Sultanate during his brief reign, but he was unable to complete it. It was imperative for Iltutmish to strengthen this newly established state. But for this he had to first strengthen his position.
In order to better understand the achievements of Iltutmish and to evaluate his contributions to the Delhi Sultanate, it is necessary to pay attention to the problems which were available at the time of his coronation. The main problems at the time of his accession were as follows-
(i) Suppression of the rival feudal lords especially the Qutubi and Muizzi feudatories.
(ii) The handing over of his rivals Eldoz and Qubacha.
(iii) Defense of the Sultanate from Mongol invasion.
(iv) Strengthening the administrative system of the Sultanate etc.
(i) Suppression of his rivals by Iltutmish--- First Iltutmish crushed (repressed) the power of those feudal lords who were opposing him at the time of his accession. Qutubi and Muizzi considered Iltutmish as slaves, so they considered Iltutmish's right on the throne as unfair. Iltutmish first defeated these feudatories. After defeating the feudatories, he abolished the feudal positions. And in its place established a new organization of forty slaves "Turkan-i-Chalgani", who now started helping the ruler in governance in place of the feudatories.
(ii) Suppression of his rivals Eldauj and Qubacha --- In Iltutmish's formidable rivals, he first encountered Eldauj, who was the ruler of Ghazni at that time. And he was claiming Delhi. Although he was defeated by Aibak, seeing the difficulties of Iltutmish, Eldauj again reiterated his claim. Between 1215-1216 AD Iltutmish defeated Elduz in the Third Battle of Tarain. During this time he also fought against his other opponent, Kubacha, but he did not get complete success.
(iii) Defense of the Sultanate from Mongol invasion-- Iltutmish also had to face the possible invasion of Mongol. In the 13th century, the Mongol conqueror Genghis Khan trampled all of Central Asia under his feet. At the same time it had reached the border of Delhi following the Mongol leader Genghis Khan of Khwarism's Shah Jalaluddin Magbarni, Magbarni sought help from Iltutmish, but Iltutmish did not help Magbarni in any way, adopting a diplomatic approach. Genghis Khan was satisfied with this behavior of Iltutmish and did not attack Delhi. Iltutmish thus protected the newly established kingdom from Mongol invaders.
An indirect benefit of Genghis Khan's invasion to Iltutmish was that Magbarani had weakened the power of the Qubacha along the Sindh. Therefore, taking advantage of this situation, Iltutmish attacked and defeated Qubacha in 1226 AD and annexed the areas of Sindh and Multan to Delhi.
(iv) Victory over Bengal-Bihar and Rajput regions-- Iltutmish, having eliminated his rivals and freed himself from the possible threat of Mongol invaders, turned his attention towards expansion and consolidation of the kingdom. At the same time Iltutmish paid attention to the eastern frontier. The provinces of Bengal, Bihar, Orissa etc. became independent. He launched two military campaigns against Bengal and took it under his control. After this he conducted military operations on Rajputana areas and he also subjugated the areas like Ajmer, Nagaur, Gwalior etc.
(v) Obtaining a letter of acceptance from the Caliph --- A major event of the reign of Iltutmish is to obtain the legitimacy of the post of Sultan from the Khalifa of Baghdad. The Abbasi Caliph was pleased with the actions of Iltutmish, so he accepted Iltutmish as the legal and independent ruler of Delhi on 18 February 1229 AD. Thus Iltutmish became the legal sultan of Delhi, his prestige increased and his opponents were pacified.
(vi) Administrative system - Iltutmish also tried to organize his empire by expanding it. For this purpose, he made necessary changes in the prevailing administrative system. Under administrative action, he divided his empire into small territories. It was called "Iqta", and its officers were called Iqtadars. These Iqtadars were responsible for conducting the activities of revenue collection, law and order, military system, justice etc. Iqtadars had the right to collect rent from the iqta in the form of salary. This arrangement provided Iltutmish important assistance in administration.
(vii) Improvement in the monetary system --- Another task of Iltutmish was to improve the prevailing monetary system. In place of the popular coins, he made "tanka" in pure Arabic way. They were made of gold and silver. Whose weight was 175 grains. The name of Iltutmish was inscribed on them in Arabic language. Iltutmish also started the practice of getting the name of "mint" inscribed on the tanks. In addition to the tanka, Iltutmish also released the brass "jital". By issuing these coins, Iltutmish also gave evidence of the consolidation of his power. Iltutmish also encouraged art and culture. At this time Delhi had become a haven for craftsmen, artists, scholars, musicians etc. That is, Iltutmish provided shelter to all of them in his empire.
Thus, looking at the above achievements of Iltutmish, we come to the conclusion that these achievements of Iltutmish as a conqueror and general are very impressive. He not only saved the newly established Delhi Sultanate from disintegration but also gave it a strong existence. Therefore, it can be said with no doubt that the real founder of the Delhi Sultanate is Iltutmish.
TAGS:- achievements of Iltutmish,Iltutmish was real founder of the Delhi Sultanate.Administrative system and monetary system of Iltutmish.