NOTE:--- ENGLISH AND HINDI LANGUAGE:
प्रश्न:--- मौर्य प्रशासन के विशिष्ट तत्वों का निरूपण कीजिए। क्या
मौर्य राज्य एक कल्याणकारी राज्य था? विवेचना कीजिए।
Question: -- Elucidate
the specific elements of Mauryan administration. Was the Maurya kingdom a
welfare state? Discuss.
Or
How is the Maurya period
an epoch-making event in the history of the development of Indian state
administration?
Or
Give an account of the
Mauryan administration on the basis of Kautilya and Megasthenes.
Answer: --- In the real sense,
political unity (Rajshakti) is clearly manifested for the first time in the
Maurya era itself and due to its efficient administration, the modern Indian
national state first sowed the seeds of unity in diversity in the Maurya era
itself. The main source of information about Mauryan administration is
Kautilya's Arthashastra, along with Megasthenes' Indika and Ashoka's
inscriptions also provide important information on this subject. Despite the
features like administrative centralization and elaborate bureaucracy, the
ultimate goal of the Mauryan administration was the welfare of the subjects, as
is evident from the following quote from the Arthashastra- "The king's
happiness lies in the happiness of the subjects and his welfare lies in the
welfare of the subjects." Is."
To understand the
Mauryan administrative system properly, it can be expressed in the following
contexts-----
King: --- The supreme authority
of the Maurya Empire was the emperor himself and the entire government system
was governed by his orders. Kautilya, while giving the highest position to the
king among the seven organs of the state, has considered the rule of rule above
religion, behavior and character (ethos). In this way, the king was the chief
and supreme officer of the executive, the legislature and the judiciary.
According to the Arthashastra, "the king is the state" while
according to the inscriptions of Ashoka, "the king is the first king of
the monarchy" whose basis is paternal autocracy, according to the pillar
interpretation, the king, the first head of the army, finance, general
administration, judicial legislation and foreign affairs. But this primacy was
different from the constitutional head of a republican state because it was
autocratic. Thus the Mauryan administration was highly centralised. In which
the king was like a central axis. This is the reason why Kautilya has given
special emphasis on the personal ability and hard work of the ruler for the
success of the government.
Mantri: :- Kautilya firmly
believed that kingship (sovereignty) is not possible without help, so the king
should appoint secretaries and consult them. According to the Arthashastra, the
king should pay special attention to the princes because they swallow their own
parents like termites. Despite this interpretation of Arthashastra, it was the
prince who helped the king in the work of the state.
The king was personally
assisted by a priestly position, while institutionally there were institutions
such as the minister and the council of ministers whose functions were
incidental and urgent matters respectively. Mantrina: There were 3 or 4 members
which were Yuvraj, Purohit, Sannidhata and Senapati. Their appointments were
made only after a thorough examination (aptitude test) from the Amatya class.
The Council of Ministers: ---- In addition to the minister, the mention of a council of ministers is also found in the Arthashastra and Ashoka's inscriptions (in the form of 'Parisha'). Kautilya, supporting the great council of ministers, advised the king to act according to his majority, but the king was not obliged to follow this advice. On the basis of Ashoka's inscriptions, it is estimated that the Council of Ministers used to discuss the orders as well as suggest amendments on them as needed.
Central Government: ---- For the convenience of
governance, the central government was divided (divided) into many departments,
these departments were called 'tirtha'. Each department had a supreme
functionary called 'Amatya'. In the Arthashastra, there is a mention of 18 such
souls in which priests, commanders, collectors, Yuvraj etc. were prominent. The
Amatyas or the highest officials of the state are mentioned by Greek writers as
the seventh caste. These officers used to direct and control their juniors
according to the orders and also used to benefit the supreme authority from the
formulation of plans when needed.
The officers of various
sub-divisions under the Amatyas were called 'Adhikhyas'. There is mention of 26
such presidents in Arthashastra. The chief among them were - Treasurer,
Sitadhyaksha, and Merchant etc. The 'President' was a second-class official of
the state, whom Strabo referred to as 'Magistrate'. In the inscriptions of
Ashoka also mention of office bearers like Dhammahamatra, Rajuk, and Yukta etc.
is found. Among these, the appointment of 'Dhammahamatra' was done by Ashoka as
a new post.
Provincial
Government:---- For administrative convenience, the Mauryan administration was
probably divided into five provinces- (1) Uttarapath (2) Dakshinapath (3)
Avanti Rashtra (4) Kalinga Province (5) Prachi. There were two grounds for the
appointment as the head of the provinces - (1) The head of the big provinces
and the border provinces could only be a person related to the royal family.
Who has been called 'Kumar' or 'Aryaputra' in the inscriptions of Ashoka.
Whereas in other types of small provinces, only local and influential people
were appointed. Romilthapar is of the opinion that even in the provinces there
was a Council of Ministers to assist the ruler, which was more independent than
the Central Council of Ministers.
Administration of the
district: ---- Mauryan provinces were divided into many districts, which were
called 'Vishaya' or 'Ahar'. All its officers worked under the control of the
Collector. There were many locals in the district, who were under the authority
of a local officer. There were many 'gopas' under the local, who ruled over 10
villages.
Village Administration:- The smallest unit of
administration was the village. The village was governed by the 'Gram Sabha'
and its head was called 'Gramani'. According to the Arthashastra it was unpaid
and was elected by the people. In the Arthashastra there is a mention of
'Village Vriddha Parishad'. Its main function was to collect revenue and to
settle local problems. He also used to prevent crimes. The 'Gops' used to
control the work of the villagers.
City Administration: -- From the description of
Megasthenes, a detailed description of the Mauryan city administration is
obtained. According to him the city administration was governed by 6
committees. There were 5 members in each committee and each had a specific
function, such as - looked after industrial affairs, foreign affairs, census,
black marketing and sales tax related matters. In Kautilya's Arthashastra,
there is no mention of any committee but a mention of 'city head'. According to
scholars, it was like a modern magistrate and the said commission would have
worked under its protection.
Police and Intelligence
System: --
The state had also arranged for police and detectives for internal security and
to keep control over crime and criminals. The dandapal was the head of the
police department, who controlled the criminals. It was the responsibility of
the city president to maintain peace and order in the city. The whole empire
was like a web of good men or spies. He used to bring every information about
every incident in the state to the king. There are two types of detectives
mentioned in Arthashastra. (1) Institution – They used to work by staying in
one place. (2) Communication --- They used to collect information by roaming
from place to place in different disguise.
Military Administration:
---- The mention of Maurya's
huge army is found in the Greek descriptions. Both Kautilya and Megasthenes
refer to the military system. Megasthenes describes military administration.
The administration of the army was also done by 6 committees. It used to manage
the different departments of the army such as foot, horse, elephant, chariot,
navy and logistics and transportation. In Arthashastra, extensive rules are
found regarding the training and practice of soldiers, duties and
responsibilities and salary etc., which show the awareness and activism of Maurya
towards military organization.
Administration of Justice: --- The emperor was the supreme head of the administration of justice. A successive series of courts existed during the Maurya period. In this, at the lowest level there were village panchayats in the villages and above that were the courts of collection, dronmukh and district. The king was the supreme judge, whose decision was universal and final. Two types of courts are mentioned in the Arthashastra-- (1) Dharmasthiya Courts--- They looked after the civil courts. (2) Kanthak Shodhak Nyayalayas - These used to deal with criminal cases or criminal cases. Both Megasthenes and Kautilya mention the law of harsh punishment. Punishments were mostly economic but death penalty was also prevalent because even great non-violent Ashoka did not abolish the death penalty but made some changes in its form.
Revenue system: -- For the operation of
the vast Maurya Empire, a lot of money was needed, so for the first time in
this era, the revenue system was designed in the true sense, whose attainment
is found in the Arthashastra. This shows that land tax was the main source of
income of the state. Along with this, taxes were also imposed on forests, mines
and other goods produced from the land. Government income was obtained from
import and export tax, octroi, tax on various goods produced in the cities etc.
Fines received from criminals were also a major source of state income.
According to Patanjali, idols of gods were made and sold for money during the
Maurya period. Although a large part of the state income was spent in the
administration itself, but in spite of this, the Maurya rulers did many works
from the point of view of public welfare, during the time of Ashoka there was a
huge increase in such works and the Maurya rule became the rule of public
welfare.
Public welfare work:---- The special important thing here is that despite the signs of autocracy in Mauryan administration, many features of philanthropic governance are also visible in it - construction of highways, plantation, development of irrigation resources (Revatak And by stopping the Urjayant mountain, the Sudarshan lake was built by Saurashtra Governor Pushpagupta Vaish and Ashoka created various water streams from it by his Yavana governor Tusap) Good behavior with the slaves and maids and in the sixth inscription, Ashoka called the entire subjects his son, And in the Girnar inscription to give the principle of "live and let live" and to travel in oneself for the attainment of public opinion and to instruct the city residents and Dhammamahatras that the justice done by them should be free from attachment, malice and sect. The interference that was made in the life of the person in the name of giving efficient governance through intelligence system to the welfare form of the Maurya Empire resulted in the freedom of the individual in the Mauryan administration. was snatched by Lata. But the Maurya Empire was the oldest dynasty to establish independence which is the concept of modern welfare state, because in this era where republic and monarchy were in conflict, there was lack of unity and society was high and low, untouchable etc. Was divided. At that time, harmony could be established in the society only due to the Mauryan administrative skill and this harmony was maintained even during the time of Ashoka because only after passing through the period of peace and prosperity, a state can try to become a victorious state of Dhamma in the world.
TAGS:--Special Elements of Mauryan Administration, Mauryan Administration Management on the basis of Kautilya and Megasthenes, Ancienthistory.
