प्रश्न--- सिंधु घाटी सभ्यता के निवासियों की वैज्ञानिक प्रौद्योगिकी, साहित्यिक एवं कलात्मक प्रगति का उल्लेख करे।
Dr Om Prakash Singh
उत्तर--- सिंधु घाटी सभ्यता को एक नगरीय सभ्यता कहा गया है। नगरीय
सभ्यता का ही प्रमाण है कि इस संस्कृति के निर्माताओ ने विज्ञान एवं
तकनीकी के क्षेत्र में भी उल्लेखनीय प्रगति की थी। उत्खनन से प्राप्त
पुरातात्विक वस्तुओ से यह सिद्ध हो जाता है कि सैंधव वासियो का ज्ञान, विज्ञान के
क्षेत्र में काफी विकसित हो चुका था। परन्तु अपनी समकालीन सभ्यताओ मिश्र
एवं सुमेरियन से प्राप्त पुरातात्विक वस्तुओ से प्रमाणित होता है कि
निःसंदेह वे उपर्युक्त क्षेत्र में उनसे पिछड़े हुए थे, फिर भी उन्हें
अंकगणित, रेखागणित, रसायन विज्ञान, औषधि विज्ञान, गृह एवं नक्षत्र
जैसे विज्ञान के गूढ़ विषयो में जानकारी प्राप्त थी। सैंधववासियो की इस
विज्ञान एवं तकनीकी को हम निम्नलिखित संदर्भो में उल्लेखित कर सकते है।---
(iv) ललित कला---- ललित कला के क्षेत्र में उनके ज्ञान की पुष्टि मोहनजोदड़ो की नृत्यांगना के उठते पैरो से तथा यही से प्राप्त मुहरों पर ढोल तथा वीणा के चित्रांकन से यह सिद्ध हो जाता है।
निष्कर्षतः कहा जा सकता है कि सिधु सभ्यता के निवासियों के ज्ञान-विज्ञान, विज्ञान प्रौद्योगिकी, भाषा-लिपि, स्थापत्य कला, मूर्तिकला, और ललित कला आदि के संक्षिप्त विवरण के आधार पर यह कहा जा सकता है कि ज्ञान-विज्ञान और कला के क्षेत्र में यहां के लोगो का उल्लेखनीय योगदान रहा। सौन्दर्य और तकनीकी की दृष्टि से सिंधु सभ्यता की कला का भारतीय कला के इतिहास में महत्वपूर्ण स्थान है।
IN ENGLISH:-
Question-- By mentioning the scientific technology, literary and artistic progress of the inhabitants of the Indus Valley Civilization.
Answer--- --- Indus Valley Civilization has been called an urban civilization. The evidence of urban civilization is that the creators of this culture had made remarkable progress in the field of science and technology. It is proved from the archaeological objects obtained from the excavation that the knowledge of the people of Sandhav had developed a lot in the field of science. But the archaeological objects obtained from their contemporary civilizations, Egypt and Sumerian, prove that they were undoubtedly backward from them in the above field, yet they got information in the esoteric subjects of science like arithmetic, geometry, chemistry, medicine, house and constellation. Was. We can mention this science and technology of the people of Sandhav in the following contexts.
1*Arithmetic--- Introduction to the fixed system of measurement-weight and the construction of their weights in the cubic form in multiples of 16 proves that they were fully familiar with arithmetic and the decimal system.
2* Geometry--- The planned construction of Sandhav houses and the roads intersecting each other at right angles, the circular fire pit of Sanghol and the rectangular fire pit of Kalibanga are sufficient to prove that the people of this culture have complete knowledge of geometry. was.
3* Chemistry ---- Confirmation of their introduction in chemistry is from the colorful painting of Lothal's dyeing tank and the pottery found at many places, it is proved that they are people to create colors by harmonizing various facts. I was dying. This is because the color of their pottery is still expressing the knowledge of its creators without losing its luster.
4 * Metal-karma---- The Saindhav society was also familiar with the knowledge of metal work. Because they knew how to make bronze by mixing copper and tin in a certain proportion. They get information about their metal work from this bronze by making artistic sculptures and high quality bangles. The techniques of refining gold and silver and making ornaments from them prove that there was certainly a class of professional and skilled scholars in the field of metallurgy to quarry and refine them.
5* Medicine-Science--- The people of Sandhav were also aware of various diseases and to get rid of them, they also used to manufacture medicines. There is also evidence of Shilajit's behavior from Mohenjodaro. The people of Indus civilization used to make the powder of deer horn and make medicine from it. Sea fennel was also used as medicine. He also had knowledge of surgery. Evidence of skull surgery has been found from Kalibanga and Lothal. On the basis of these authentic facts, it can be said that even in the field of surgery, his knowledge was at its peak.
6* Planet Constellation---- By studying the activities of planets and constellations, the Saudhav residents knew how to determine the season and monsoon, and produce crops accordingly. This proves that he must have had a good experience of knowledge of planets and constellations.
7 * Science and Technology ---- Peace-loving This society was also capable of using science and technology to protect itself because by the attainment of Vanagra it is proved that they must have been the knower of missile technology. The discovery of a leaf in the shape of a leaf from Kotdiji attests that they were capable of giving various forms of weapons to inflict deadly blows.
8 * Language and script ---- Language and script also developed in the Indus civilization and through this script they used to do business and business smoothly. Many inscribed pieces and copper plates have been found from the excavations, but so far this script has not been read satisfactorily and in a universally accepted manner. But from the alphabets found from the excavation, it is proved that originally there were 400 letters in this script. First, the French scholar Bedrich Horzny considers it to be associated with the Hittite script, while the Indian historian Prannath has described the Sandhava script as developed from the Brahmi script. The first attempt to read this script with the help of a computer was made by a Russian historian. But the Indian scholar Mahadevan had submitted a claim to read it from the computer. But his claim was still not recognized. Apart from this, the people who are not recognized include Lothal excavator SR Rao, Bihar government's IAS officer Arun Pathak, and the same PCS officer KN Verma. The Sandhav script is written from right to left and again from left to right. Its continuous sequence is known as Vostrofidan. Its language style, subjects related to arithmetic, geometry, medicine, mechanics, agricultural knowledge etc. can be included in the subject matter. Surely they must have been teaching the above subjects in their schools and colleges.
9 * Progress of art ---- Along with knowledge-science, language and script, the people of Indus civilization had achieved excellent achievements in various fields of art. He made special progress in the fields of architecture, sculpture, painting and fine arts. Which can be described as follows--
(i) Architecture ---- In the field of architecture, the Indus people used both raw and solid bricks in a certain size and shape for their architecture. The biggest feature of the architecture of the Harappan culture is that there is a sense of uniformity and conservatism in their construction. The use of "L" type of bricks in Mohenjodaro, the use of molded bricks in wells, the use of Swan type of bricks in bathrooms and the use of curved bricks in Chanhudaro and the use of painted bricks in Kalibanga, knowledge of their architectural skills. Meets.
(ii) Sculpture----- Even in idol making, he had no match (alternative) in the then world. Most of the idols of this period are made of clay and special care has been shown in the manufacture of its parts. It is proved from the artistic expression of stone and metal sculptures that the craftsman here has been successful in creating vitality in stone from copper shavings. In the lifting of the parts of the bronze dancer's idols, the artistic expression of the then craftsman in metals also indicates.
(iii) Painting ----- They were not behind in the field of painting because they used red pink color to paint the utensils, the way flowers, leaves, animals, birds and hearts were painted on it with black color. Stella Camerish rightly said that "the oldest history of Indian artistry goes back to the Saundhav Valley."
(iv) Fine Arts ---- The confirmation of his knowledge in the field of fine arts is proved by the rising feet of the dancer of Mohenjodaro and the painting of drums and veena on the seals obtained from it.
In conclusion, it can be said that on the basis of a brief description of the knowledge-science, science technology, linguistics, architecture, sculpture, and fine arts etc. of the inhabitants of the Indus civilization, it can be said that the fields of knowledge-science and art There was a remarkable contribution of the people here. The art of Indus civilization has an important place in the history of Indian art from the point of view of aesthetics and technology.
TAGS:- सिंधु घाटी सभ्यता मे वैज्ञानिक प्रौद्योगिकी, साहित्यिक एवं कलात्मक प्रगति,Ancienthistory.
