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इक्तेदारी
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- Must Read:- Sort History of Iltutmish
IN ENGLISH:-
What is Iqtedari system? Meaning, Purpose, and Consequences:-
Iltutmish is credited with streamlining the Iqtdari system according to the need of the time. The goal of this system, modified by Iltutmish, was to end feudalism and to keep the remote areas of the empire connected with the center continuously. In fact, the Iqtedari system was started by Muhammad Ghori in 1192 AD, when he initially granted the iqta of Hansi to Qutubuddin Aibak.
The word "Iqta" is from Arabic language. which is related to the land. Iqta was land revenue.The description of which is found in the book "Siasat Nama" of Nizam-ul-Mulk Tusi. During the reign of Iltutmish, the region from Multan to Lakhnauti was divided into many small areas. These areas were given the name of "Iqta". Their officers were called Iqtadars. There were different categories of Iqtadars. The elder iqtadars acted as provincial governors. They had military, police and judicial powers. He also looked after the work of collecting rent. Iqtadars were given the right to collect rent from their respective areas in return for their service. Some part of which they could keep for their own expenses. The Iqtedari system put an end to the earlier prevailing feudal system. Central control was established over the Iqtadars. He was also transferred from time to time. Although many weaknesses were introduced in the Iqtedari system later. But initially this system succeeded in strengthening the central power. The Iqtedari system was different from the feudal system in many respects. In which there was a system of transfer, demotion and dismissal of Iqtadars. Iqtadars did not have land ownership, did not have hereditary rights and acted as central servants in the provinces, whereas in the feudal system large feudal lords were the territorial masters. Barani talks about 200 Iqtas.
Objectives of Iqtdari system:- The following were the objectives of Iqtdari system:-
(i) The Turks had vast land areas, but resources were limited. Therefore, this system was implemented for administrative efficiency and adequate revenue collection.
(ii) The feudal structure existed in India at the time of the arrival of the Turks. In which there was a tendency of political fragmentation. Therefore, it was necessary to establish a strong central authority by controlling this tendency. In this sequence the Iqta system was implemented.
(iii) This system was implemented to solve the local problems, to do it at the local level and to collect the surplus from the farming class and reach it to the central treasury.
(iv) This system was also implemented to connect the remote area with the center and to meet the military needs of the center.
Consequences of Iqtadari System The positive and negative results of Iqtdari system implemented by Iltutmish came out, which are as follows--
Positive result--
(i) The Delhi Sultanate expanded and the Sultan's effective control over remote areas was established.
(ii) The Sultan started receiving revenue in the form of Fawazil (revenue) even from remote areas.
(iii) The Sultan could get a large army without spending any money.
(iv) Significant contribution was made in the development of agriculture, commerce-trade, art, literature and culture at the regional level through Iqtadars.
Negative consequences:-
(i) The relations between the Sultan and the Iqtadar (Mukta) depended on the position of the Sultan. Iqtadars became the reason for the disintegration of the empire during the time of weak rulers.
(ii) Having military and revenue power with the iqtadar encouraged the tendency of local exploitation.
Conclusion::- In conclusion, it can be said that profit or loss from the Iqtedari system depended on the position of the Sultan. If seen, the Iqtedari system was more progressive than the Rajput period feudal system. Because in this the post of Iqtadar was not hereditary. And they were also transferred from time to time by the Sultan. But when the post of Iqtadars became hereditary in the later period, then this system proved to be the main reason for the decline of Delhi Sultanate.
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