प्रश्न--- तुर्को के आक्रमण के समय भारत की स्थिति का वर्णन कीजिए।
तुर्को के आक्रमण के समय भारत की राजनीतिक, सामाजिक, धार्मिक, और आर्थिक स्थिति का वर्णन कीजिए।
उत्तर-- तुर्को के आक्रमण के समय भारत (उत्तर भारत) पर अनेक राजपूत राजाओं का शासन था। सम्राट हर्षवर्द्धन के अवसान के पश्चात 7 वी से 12वी शताब्दी तक राजपूत सत्ता का विकास हुआ। भारत उस समय अनेक छोटे -छोटे वंशानुगत राज्यो में बटा हुआ था। प्रायः इन सभी राज्यो के संस्थापक राजपूत थे। कुछ राजपूत राज्य विस्तृत हो गए थे और कुछ वर्षों तक उन्होने भारत मे राजनीतिक एकता भी स्थापित कर ली थी। सामरिक दृष्टि से राजपूत अपनी वीरता, रणकौशल, और युद्ध प्रियता के लिए प्रसिद्ध थे। उत्तर-पश्चिम से आने वाले तुर्को के आक्रमण को रोकने के लिये सदियो तक वे उनसे युद्ध करते रहे, जूझते रहे और उन्होंने देश, समाज, और धर्म की रक्षा की। इसमे उन्होंने अपने उच्च आदर्शो, आलौकिक गुणों, अदम्य साहस और वीरता का परिचय दिया। अतः तुर्को के आक्रमण के समय भारत की स्थिति का वर्णन निम्नलिखित शीर्षकों -- राजनीतिक, सामाजिक, धार्मिक, और आर्थिक स्थिति के आधार पर कर सकते हैं-----
तुर्को के आक्रमण से पूर्व शासन का स्वरूप निरंकुश राजतंत्र था। गणतंत्र शासन प्रणाली विलुप्त हो गई थी। राजा की सत्ता और अधिकारों पर प्रजा का कोई नियंत्रण नही था यद्यपि गामीण क्षेत्र में ग्राम पंचायतें विद्यमान थे, परंतु उनके कार्य ग्रामो के स्थानीय विषयो तक ही सीमित थे और वे राज्य या प्रदेश की राजनीति में सक्रिय नही थे। उनकी कोई विशिष्ट राजनीतिक सत्ता भी नही थी। इससे राजाओ में स्वेच्छाचारिता और निरंकुशवादिता विकसित एवं प्रसारित हुई। फलतः जनता स्वयं के कार्यो एवं प्रशासन के प्रति उदासीन हो गई। उसमे राष्ट्रीय चेतना, देशभक्ति, देश प्रेम, स्वतंत्रता, समानता, राजनीतिक जागृति आदि गुण लुप्त हो गए और उसके स्थान पर उसमे भीरुता, अवहेलना, राजाओ और सामंतो की चापलूसी, मानसिक और शारीरिक उदासीनता आदि दुर्गुणों का विकास हुआ। इससे राजनीतिक जीवन निम्न स्तर पर आ गया। तथा वह खोखला हो गया। इस समय राजा और प्रजा के संबंधों में शिथिलता के साथ-साथ प्रशासन में भी शिथिलता देखने को मिलती है। अब प्रशासन का स्वरूप एकतंत्र निरंकुश, राजतन्त्र और सामंतवाद पर आधारित था। केंद्रीय प्रशासन मौर्यो और गुप्त सम्राटो की भांति दृढ़ और संगठित नही था। प्रांतीय प्रशासन में सामंतो का अधिकार और बाहुल्यता थी। वे अपने-अपने क्षेत्रों में स्वतंत्र रूप से शासन करते थे। इससे सैनिक संगठन भी दुर्बल हो गया था क्योकि राज्य की सैनिक शक्ति भी सामंतो पर निर्भर करती थी, जिससे केन्द्रीय शक्ति कमजोर और प्रांतीय शक्ति प्रबल हो गई थी। जिसके परिणामस्वरूप तुर्को के आक्रमणों को राजपूत झेल नही पाए और एक-एक करके पराजित होते गए।
इस प्रकार हम देखते है कि तुर्को के आक्रमण के समय भारत की राजनीतिक स्थिति में विविधता तथा एकरूपता का अभाव था। परिणामस्वरूप यह विविधता भारत मे मुस्लिम राज्य की स्थापना के लिए उत्तरदायी सिद्ध हुई।
सामाजिक स्थिति---- तुर्की आक्रमण से पूर्व भारत मे वर्णव्यवस्था अपने चरम पर पहुँच गयी थी। समस्त देश मे अराजकता एवं अव्यवस्था फैलने के कारण (i) सामाजिक स्तर बहुत गिर गया था। समस्त समाज विभिन्न श्रेणियों में विभक्त था और उनमे ऊँच-नीच की भावना बहुत अधिक विद्यमान थी। उनमे से कुछ अपने आप को बहुत ऊँचा समझने लगे थे और अन्य जातियों के व्यक्तियों को घृणा की दृष्टि से देखने लगे थे। इसका विशेष दुष्परिणाम हुआ। (ii) जाति बन्धन बड़े जटिल हो गये, और उसका आधार 'कर्म' न होकर पूर्णतः 'जन्म' हो गया। (iii) समाज मे स्त्रियों का संम्मान कम हो गया। वे भोग्य-विलास की वस्तु समझी जाने लगी। (iv) भारत का विदेशो से संबंध विच्छेद हो गया। जिसके कारण विदेशो से होने वाली प्रतिक्रियाओ से भारतीय पूर्ण रूप से अनभिज्ञ हो गये। उनको वहां की राजनीतिक उथल-पुथल, सैनिक ढंग, तथा अन्य बातों का ज्ञान न हो पाया। इससे भारतीयों के उत्साह तथा उनकी स्फूर्ति को बड़ा आघात पहुंचा। वह मंद तथा कुंठित हो गई और भारतीयों ने किसी भी क्षेत्र में उन्नति नही की।
- Must Read:- भारत पर मुस्लिम आक्रमण
आर्थिक स्थिति---- तुर्को के आक्रमण से पूर्व भारत की आर्थिक स्थिति का उल्लेख इस प्रकार से किया जा सकता है----
(i) उन्नत आर्थिक अवस्था---- इस समय भारत की आर्थिक स्थिति उन्नत अवस्था मे थी। भारत की अधिकांश जनता का मुख्य उद्यम कृषि था। भारत की उपजाऊ मिटटी तथा खनिज पदार्थों की बहुलता के कारण भारतीयों की अपनी आजीविका के उपार्जन में विशेष कठिनाई का सामना नही करना पड़ता था। राजा तथा उच्च कुल के व्यक्तियों का सम्पत्ति पर एकाधिकार था। उनकी आय बहुत अधिक थी।
(ii) राजाओ तथा जनता का कुलषित जीवन---- ये अपना अधिकांश धन भोग-विलास में व्यय किया करते थे तथा दान आदि के रूप में भी अत्यधिक धन मंदिर व अन्य सामाजिक व धार्मिक संस्थाओं को दिया करते थे।
(iii) मंदिरो की अतुल संपत्ति--- जनता एवं राजाओ की दान की प्रवृत्ति अधिक होने के कारण मंदिरो की आय बहुत अधिक थी और उनके कोष में बहुत अधिक धन जमा रहता था। साधारण जनता का जीवन मामूली था। उनको इतना अवश्य मिल जाता था कि उनकी दैनिक आवश्यकताए सफलतापूर्वक पूर्ण हो जाती थी और इनकी पूर्ति के लिए विशेष कठिनाई का अनुभव नही करना पड़ता था।
(iv) व्यापार की उन्नत अवस्था--- इस समय व्यापार भी उन्नत अवस्था मे था। इसी उन्नत आर्थिक अवस्था के कारण ही भारत विश्व मे सोने की चिड़ियाँ के नाम से विख्यात था। भारत के धन को हस्तगत करने के लालच से ही तुर्को ने भारत पर आक्रमण किया था। जो उनके भारत पर आक्रमण करने वाले कारणो में से एक महत्वपूर्ण कारण बना।
निष्कर्ष---- निष्कर्षतः कहा जा सजता है कि तुर्को के आक्रमण के समय भारत राजनीतिक, सामाजिक, धार्मिक, आर्थिक और नैतिक दृष्टि ने दुर्बल हो चुका था। उसकी दुर्बलता का मुख्य कारण यह था कि भारत ने विदेशियो से कुछ सीखने का प्रयत्न ही नही किया। भारत ने विदेशियो से मुख्यतः अपनी सीमावर्ती देशो के सामाजिक, धार्मिक, सांस्कृतिक और सैनिक परिवर्तनों की ओर भी ध्यान नही दिया। इन कारणों से उनमे अज्ञानता और दम्य दोनो की उत्पत्ति हुई। और वे अपनी उन्नति के प्रति असावधान हो गये। यह इसी का परिणाम था कि जब भारत पर तुर्क आक्रमण हुआ तो भारतीयों को पराजय का मुँह देखना पड़ा।
IN ENGLISH:-
Question-- Describe the condition of India during the invasion of Turks.
Or
Describe the political, social, religious and economic condition of India at the time of the invasion of the Turks.
Answer- During the invasion of Turks, India (North India) was ruled by many Rajput kings. After the death of Emperor Harshavardhana, Rajput power flourished from 7th to 12th century. At that time India was divided into many small hereditary states. The founders of almost all these states were Rajputs. Some Rajput kingdoms had expanded and for some years they had also established political unity in India. From a strategic point of view, Rajputs were famous for their valor, tactical skills, and war-loving. To stop the invasion of the Turks coming from the north-west, they fought, fought and protected the country, society, and religion for centuries. In this he showed his high ideals, supernatural qualities, indomitable courage and valor. Therefore, the situation of India at the time of the invasion of the Turks can be described on the basis of the following headings - political, social, religious, and economic condition-----
1* Political Situation ----- Till the reign of Harsha there was a system of central power. But after his fall this central authority fell apart. Now India was divided into many small states. At this time Kannauj was considered the symbol of North-India. But after the fall of Gurjara Pratiharas, there was no such powerful emperor in North India, who could unite all the scattered powers by organizing India into a political formula. In this regard, Ishwari Prasad says that "At this time, like Germany of the sixteenth century, India had become a group of states which were independent for every purpose and work." At that time the Hindu royal dynasty was ruling in India in the North West (Punjab and Kabul). The Arabs had established their kingdom over Sindh and Multan. While in Bengal, the ruler of the Pal dynasty, Mahipala was ruling. Gujarat or central and eastern Rajasthan was ruled by the Pratiharas before the Muslim invasions. Many Rajput states emerged after the Pratiharas. In this the Chauhans of Ajmer, Chandels of Bundelkhand, Gahadwals of Kannauj, Parmars of Malwa, Kalchuris of Chedi and Solankis of Gujarat were prominent. Before the kingdom of Chauhan, Rathor was the kingdom of Gahadavalas, where Jaichand was ruling. Formerly the Gahadavalas were ruled by the Sen dynasty and Delhi was at this time under the Tomaro kingdom. At present, Magadha, the center of the politics of ancient India, was no longer the center of the state, but political power was concentrated on the western and eastern frontiers. With the disintegration of the political system, the spirit of the ruling party had vanished. The result was that the system of treaty and treaty was started.
Before the invasion of the Turks, the form of government was autocratic monarchy. The republican system of government had become extinct. The subjects had no control over the power and rights of the king, although village panchayats existed in the rural areas, but their functions were limited to the local subjects of the villages and they were not active in the politics of the state or the state. He also did not have any specific political power. Due to this, autocracy and autocracy developed and spread among the kings. As a result, the people became indifferent towards their own work and administration. The qualities of national consciousness, patriotism, patriotism, freedom, equality, political awakening etc. disappeared in it and in its place the qualities of timidity, defiance, flattery of kings and feudal lords, mental and physical indifference etc. This brought political life down to a low level. And it became hollow. At this time, along with the laxity in the relations between the king and the subjects, there is also a laxity in the administration. Now the form of administration was based on autocracy, monarchy and feudalism. The central administration was not as firm and organized as that of the Mauryan and Gupta emperors. In the provincial administration, feudal authority and plurality was there. They ruled independently in their respective territories. Due to this the military organization was also weakened because the military power of the state also depended on the feudatories, due to which the central power became weak and the provincial power became strong. As a result, the Rajputs could not withstand the attacks of the Turks and were defeated one by one.
Thus we see that there was a lack of diversity and uniformity in the political situation of India at the time of the invasion of the Turks. As a result, this diversity proved responsible for the establishment of a Muslim state in India.
2* Social Status--- Before the Turkish invasion, the varna system had reached its peak in India. Due to the spread of anarchy and disorder in the whole country (i) the social standard had fallen greatly. The whole society was divided into different categories and there was a lot of feeling of high and low in them. Some of them began to consider themselves very high and started looking at the people of other castes with contempt. This had special consequences. (ii) Caste bonds became very complex, and its basis was not 'karma' but 'birth'. (iii) The respect of women in the society decreased. They came to be considered as objects of enjoyment and luxury. (iv) India's relations with foreign countries were severed. Due to which the Indians were completely ignorant of the reactions from abroad. They could not get knowledge of the political upheaval there, the military method, and other things. This caused a great blow to the enthusiasm and enthusiasm of the Indians. She became slow and frustrated and Indians did not progress in any field.
3* Religious Situation---- Just as the social condition of India was going down day by day, similarly (i) the religious situation was also in turmoil at this time. The condition of Indians in that region was also remarkable. Swami Shankaracharya tried to work tirelessly to emerge from this situation, but due to his death at a very young age, he could not be completely successful in his work. He was not successful in decriminalizing Hinduism though his services were great for Hinduism. The people of this time did not have special interest towards spiritual progress. They were thus indifferent to this side. (ii) At this time the society was left-wing, whose main teaching was "Eat, Drink and be marry". (iii) Educational institutions were also affected by this. The result of which fell on the educated class and the students in particular and their lives were corrupted. (iv) The result of this was that human tendency and attachment started going towards enjoyment and luxury at a rapid pace. It has also made its home in monasteries and Bihars, where life should have been very pure and pure. When the life of the contractors of religion became impure and polluted, what did the common people have to say? (v) Devadasi system had started in India at this time. Some young men and beautiful unmarried girls used to reside in every temple, whose main work was to worship the deity of the temple, serve etc. Therefore, the life of all the monasteries, Bihar, temples, educational institutions etc. got corrupted and it became impossible for the public to get proper religious education.
4* Economic condition--- The economic condition of India before the invasion of Turks can be mentioned in this way----
(i) Advanced economic stage --- At this time the economic condition of India was in an advanced stage. Agriculture was the main enterprise of the majority of the people of India. Due to India's fertile soil and abundance of minerals, Indians did not face much difficulty in earning their livelihood. The king and the people of the high clan had a monopoly on property. His income was very high.
(ii) Kulshit life of the kings and the people ---- they used to spend most of their money in enjoyment and luxury and also gave a lot of money in the form of donations etc. to temples and other social and religious institutions.
(iii) Incomparable wealth of the temples --- Due to the high tendency of donations of the people and the kings, the income of the temples was very high and a lot of money was deposited in their treasury. The life of the common people was modest. They were sure to get so much that their daily needs were successfully fulfilled and they did not have to experience much difficulty for their fulfillment.
(iv) Advanced stage of trade-- At this time trade was also in advanced stage. Due to this advanced economic condition, India was famous in the world by the name of golden birds. The Turks attacked India only because of the greed of capturing India's wealth.Which became one of the important reasons for his attacking India.
Conclusion--- In conclusion, it can be said that India had become weak in political, social, religious, economic and moral terms during the invasion of Turks. The main reason for his weakness was that India did not try to learn anything from foreigners. India also did not pay attention to the social, religious, cultural and military changes of its border countries mainly from foreigners. Due to these reasons, both ignorance and dynamism arose in them. And they became inattentive to their progress. It was the result of this that when the Turks invaded India, the Indians had to face defeat.
TAGS:- तुर्को के आक्रमण के समय भारत की राजनीतिक, सामाजिक, धार्मिक, और आर्थिक स्थिति, Medievalhistory.