NOTE:- ENGLISH AND HINDI LANGUAGE:-
प्रश्न---"औरंगजेब की प्रशासनिक नीति एवं प्रशासकीय कार्य पर्याप्त अंशो में मुगल साम्राज्य के पतन के कारण बने।" इस कथन का परीक्षण कीजिये।
अथवा
मुगल साम्राज्य के पतन के लिये औरंगजेब किस हद तक उत्तरदायी था। विभिन्न मत
प्रकट कीजिए।
Dr Om Prakash Singh
- Must Read:- Aurangzeb's Rajpoot policy
- Must Read:- Aurangzeb's Religious Policy
- Must Read:- Aurangzeb's South Policy
IN ENGLISH:-
Question---"Aurangzeb's administrative policy and administrative work led to the decline of the Mughal Empire in substantial parts." Examine this statement.
Or
To what extent was Aurangzeb responsible for the downfall of the Mughal Empire? Express different views.
Ans- Historians have different opinions in this regard that Aurangzeb's policies and administrative actions became the reason for the decline of the Mughal Empire. Many famous historians like Sir Yadunath Sarkar and Professor Shri Ram Sharma propound the view that the wrong and destructive policies of Aurangzeb are mainly responsible for the decline of the Mughal Empire. Historians who celebrate this view are mainly Aurangzeb's religious policy, Rajput policy , base their conclusions on the ill-effects of the South Policy.
Aurangzeb's Religious Policy ------ In the field of religious policy, these scholars allege that Aurangzeb abandoned Akbar's policy of religious tolerance and liberalism and adopted the policy of fanatic fanaticism. Destruction of temples, re-imposition of Jizya tax, levying pilgrimage tax, charging Hindu merchants twice as much tax from Muslim merchants, there are many such examples which were indicative of his bigotry. Due to this policy of religious fanaticism, the majority Hindu population of India turned away from the rule and rebellion broke out in many places, Satnami and Jat rebellion are cited as examples. And it is argued that these rebellions made the empire hollow. The second class of historians do not agree with this analysis in religious policy. This class believes that neither Aurangzeb was a fanatic as he is portrayed nor did his policy cause Hindus to turn away from the Mughal Empire. He stresses the fact that the number of Hindu mansabdars was greater during the reign of Aurangzeb than that of any Mughal emperor. He also argues that while Aurangzeb destroyed some temples, he also gave donations to the temples. Therefore, it is clear that the reason for the destruction of the temple must have been other than religious. The rebellions that took place during the time of Aurangzeb were also not due to religious reasons but due to other reasons. The emotional connection of the Hindu masses with the Mughals remained with Aurangzeb and even after that.
Aurangzeb's Rajput Policy---- Lanepool and Yadunath Sarkar have given special emphasis on the ill effects of Aurangzeb's Rajput policy. The essence of the arguments of these historians is that due to the wrong policy of Aurangzeb, the Mughal Empire was shocked in two ways, one was deprived of the cooperation of the Rajput power which was serving as the backbone for the Mughal Empire. If to use the terminology of Lenpool, Aurangzeb had to fight the war of the South losing his right hand. On the other hand, a large part of the army and resources of the Mughals was engaged in fighting the Rajputs and it could not be used better at other places. But many scholars of history do not agree with these arguments, they underline the fact that the Rajputs were not only fighting on the side of the Mughals in the wars of the South, but were also supporting the empire against the Rathors, Ranaputs themselves.
Aurangzeb's Aggressive South Policy----- Historians have also considered Aurangzeb's aggressive south policy responsible for the decline of the Mughal Empire. According to him Aurangzeb dug the tomb of the Mughal Empire in South India. According to historians, this war, which lasted for more than 25 years, ruined South India financially. In these wars, the Mongols suffered huge loss of public and wealth, its effect was on both the financial condition of the empire and the military power. The absence of the emperor from North India for two decades not only gave rise to administrative disorder here, but the anti-imperialist elements also got an opportunity to work more fearlessly. The historian of that time Bhimsen has given a detailed and effective description of the consequences of the southern war.
Other reasons---- To determine the role of Aurangzeb in the decline of the Mughal Empire on the basis of the results of his policies, it is also necessary to see that what was his contribution to the real causes of the decline of the Mughal Empire.
The Jagirdari Crisis---- The reasons for the decline of the Mughal Empire have also been analyzed differently by historians. According to Professor Satishchandra, the main reason for the decline of the empire was the crisis of jagirdari. This crisis of jagirdari appeared in two forms. The number of the first mansabdars increased rapidly, but jagirs were not available in this proportion to be distributed among them. This created internal conflicts, according to Aurangzeb's statement, this situation became "one pomegranate hundred sick". Another form of expression of distress was that the difference between "deposit" and "acquired" of a jagir, that is, the difference between the estimated or declared income and the actual income, increased. Due to this the empire became hollow inside.
Deepening crisis of agricultural economy------- The famous historian Irfan Habib explains the decline of the Mughal Empire as a deepening crisis of the agrarian economy, according to him, the exploitation of farmers intensified in the latter part of the Mughal period. This intensity of exploitation was increased due to the rule of transfer of jagirs and later the crisis of the jagir system. This unbearable exploitation gave rise to the revolts of the peasants and zamindars which became the reason for the downfall of the Mughal Empire.
Conclusion: - In conclusion, it can be said that Aurangzeb's policies and their consequences cannot be presented as the only or main reason for the decline of the empire. So they can be seen as one of the many reasons.
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