NOTE:- ENGLISH AND HINDI LANGUAGE:-
प्रश्न---हुमायूँ की जीवनी और उपलब्धियों का वर्णन कीजिए।
Dr Om Prakash Singh .
IN ENGLISH:-
Question --- Describe the biography and achievements of Humayun.
Ans--- Nasiruddin Humayun was born in the fort of Kabul on 6 March 1508 from the womb of Babar's wife Maham Begum. He was the eldest son of Babur. Babur appointed him as his successor. Before his coronation in India, in 1520 AD, at the age of 12, he was appointed the subedar of Badakhshan. As the Subedar of Badakhshan, Humayun participated in all the wars of India, which Babur led. In 1529, Humayun renounced the governorship of Badakhshan and came to India, where after the death of Babur, Humayun was coronated on 30 September 1530 at the age of 23. Humayun was very generous in his life. He divided his empire among his brothers. The division of the empire was one of Humayun's mistakes. Due to which he had to face many difficulties and later his brothers did not support him.
Achievements------ After a few months of sitting on the throne, Humayun had to make many struggles to get rid of his difficulties. His main enemies were the Afghans and from them his struggle started, the attack on Kalinjar was a part of that struggle.
Attack on Kalinjar ------ Within 6 months after his ascension, Humayun attacked Kalinjar fort of Bundelkhand. The siege of the fort remained for a few months and in the end Humayun had to make a treaty with the king of Kalinjar. Kalinjar king accepted Humayun's submission by giving a lot of money.
Battle of Dauhariya (Deora) ---- After lifting the siege of Kalinjar, Humayun moved east to suppress Mahmud Lodi, who was moving towards the Mughal region of Jaunpur. In August 1532, a battle took place between the two armies at Dauhariya salt place, the Afghans were defeated and fled towards Bihar.
Siege of Chunar ------ After defeating Mahmud Lodi, Humayun besieged the fort of Chunar in 1533 AD. At this time, Sher Khan had the right over Chunar. Humayun and Sher Khan reached an agreement after besieging the fort continuously for four months. Under the agreement, Sher Khan accepted Humayun's submission and agreed to send his son Qutub Khan to Humayun's service with an Afghan military contingent. It was Humayun's great mistake to leave Sher Khan without being defeated. Thus Sher Khan got full opportunity to organize his power through his diplomacy.
War with Bahadur Shah (1535--1536 AD)---- Bahadur Shah, the ruler of Gujarat, captured the fort of Malwa in 1531 AD and Raisen in 1532 AD. In 1534 AD, he attacked Chittor and forced a treaty. Bahadur Shah had built better artillery with the help of skilled artillery of Turkey. On the other hand Sher Khan had earned a lot of respect by defeating Bengal in the battle of Surajgarh. His growing power was a matter of concern for Humayun. But Humayun's first problem was Bahadur Shah. Because he was an ambitious ruler, who wanted to take control of Delhi. In 1535 AD there was a war between Bahadurshah and Humayun at Sarangpur .Bahadur Shah was defeated and fled to Mandu. In this way, after Humayun's victory over Mandu and Champaner, he also got control over Malwa and Gujarat. After a year, Bahadurshah again took control of Malwa and Gujarat in 1536 AD with the help of Portuguese, but Bahadushah died in 1537 AD.
Conflict with Sher Khan-----
In October 1537, Humayun once again besieged the fort of Chunar, where Qutub Khan kept Humayun as long as possible according to Sher Khan's plan. After 6 months, Humayun captured the fort in 1538 AD with the help of finesse and artillery. By that time Sher Khan had conquered Gaur, and looted his treasure and secured it in the fort of Rohtashgarh. The time taken by Humayun to conquer Chunar was considered as a big mistake of his.
Humayun conquered Bengal after the success of Chunar. He lived in Gond till about 1539 AD. On August 15, 1538, when Humayun entered the Gond region of Bengal, he saw desolation and heaps of dead bodies all around there. Humayun got this place reconstructed and named it Jannatabad.
Battle of Chausa (1539 AD)------ On the night of 25 June, Sher Khan suddenly attacked the Mughal army, there was a stampede in the Mughals and they were killed or fled in large numbers. This battle took place between the armies of Humayun and Sher Khan at a place called Chausa, situated on the northern bank of the river Ganges. Humayun lost this war because of his mistakes. The Mughal forces suffered a lot in the conflict. Humayun escaped from the battle field with the help of a Bhishti and somehow saved his life by crossing the river Ganges. After succeeding in the battle of Chausa, Sher Khan equipped himself with the title of "Sher Shah", as well as ordered to get the Khutwa read and coins minted in his name.
Battle of Bilgram (17 May 1540 AD) ---- Humayun was accompanied by his brothers Hindal and Askari in the battle of Bilgram or Kannauj, yet Humayun was defeated. After achieving success in this war, Sher Khan easily captured Agra and Delhi, thus the power of India once again came in the hands of the Afghans.
Thus, after being defeated by Sher Khan, Humayun went to Sindh, from where he lived a nomad-like exile for about 15 years. At the time of this exile, Humayun married Hamida Bano Begum, daughter of Hindal's spiritual master, Shia Mir Baba Dost alias Mir Ali Akbar Jami of Persia, on 29 August 1541, later on from Hamid Begum, in October 1542, a great emperor like Akbar. Was born.
The re-conquest of India---- After the death of Islam Shah, the successor of Sher Khan, there was a split among the Afghan chieftains. On the other hand, in 1545, Humayun captured Kandahar and Kabul. After the death of Sher Shah's son Islam Shah, Humayun again got the opportunity to take over India. On 5 September 1554, Humayun reached Peshawar with his army, in February 1555, Humayun captured Lahore.
Battle of Machhiwara (15 May 1555 AD) ---- A conflict took place between Humayun and Afghan Sardar Naseeb Khan and Tatar Khan at a place called Machhiwara located on the banks of the Sutlej River in Ludhiana. The outcome of the struggle was in favor of Humayun. The whole of Punjab came into the hands of the Mughals.
Battle of Sirhind------- After the defeat of the Afghans in the battle of Machhiwara, now Sikandar Sur himself came to face the Mughals. On June 22, 1555, there was a war between the two armies at a place called Sirhind, in this also the Mungalo was victorious and Sikandar Sur fled and hid in the hills of Punjab. This war proved to be decisive and the Afghans lost the power of India forever.
July 22, 1555 was that auspicious moment when once again Humayun got the privilege of sitting on the throne of Delhi, but it was his misfortune that he could not enjoy power for long. Humayun died on January 1556.
Conclusion------ After the above study, we come to the conclusion that Humayun definitely had personal strength and courage, but due to some of his bad qualities, he continued to fail. Later on he could not maintain his authority over Delhi. Sher Khan laid the foundation of the Shoor dynasty by expelling him from Delhi, but during the time of Sher Khan's inept successors, Humayun again got the right over Delhi. Therefore, after seeing his initial difficulties and war campaigns, we can clearly say that Humayun's life was full of many difficulties and he struggled for it throughout his life.
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