NOTE:- ENGLISH AND HINDI LANGUAGE:-
प्रश्न---उन परिस्थितियों का वर्णन कीजिये जिनके कारण शिवजी का उदय हुआ।
अथवा
17वी शताब्दी में
मराठा शक्ति के उत्कर्ष के कारणों का वर्णन कीजिये।
अथवा
शिवजी के नेतृत्व में मराठा शक्ति के उत्थान का वर्णन कीजिए। Dr. Om Prakash Singh, Assistant Professor, Deptt of History, Government P.G CollegeThakurdwara, Moradabad (U.P) India.
उत्तर--- मराठा शक्ति का उदय भारतीय इतिहास में एक महत्वपूर्ण घटना थी। 17 वी शताब्दी में मराठों का उदय कोई आकस्मिक घटना नही थी बाल्कि मराठो को संगठित एवं प्रेरित करने वाली शक्तियां शताब्दियों से कार्य कर रही थी। मराठो के इस आश्चर्यजनक उत्थान के विभिन्न कारण थे जिन्हें भौगोलिक, धार्मिक, सामाजिक,राजनीतिक, सैनिक,कारणों के अंतर्गत अध्ययन की सुविधा के लिए विभाजित किया जा सकता है। इन सबकी समिष्ट शिवजी का शक्तिशाली व्यक्तित्व था जिन्होने मराठो के उत्थान का नेतृत्व किया।
1* महाराष्ट की भौगोलिक स्थिति-.
- Must Read It:- Contribution of Shivaji to medieval Indian history
IN ENGLISH:-
Question --- Describe the circumstances due to which the rise of Shiva was born.
Or
Describe the reasons for the rise of Maratha power in the 17th century.
Or
Describe the rise of Maratha power under the leadership of Shiva.
Ans--- The rise of Maratha power was an important event in Indian history. The rise of the Marathas in the 17th century was not an accident, but the forces that organized and inspired the Marathas were working for centuries. There were various reasons for this astonishing rise of Marathas which can be divided to facilitate study under geographical, religious, social, political, military, reasons. The sum of all this was the powerful personality of Shiva who led the rise of the Marathas.
1* Geographical location of Maharashtra--- The geographical location of Maharashtra contributed significantly to the rise of Marathas. Maharashtra was surrounded on all sides by the ranges of Vindhya and Satpura mountains. These high peaks and rough rocks were given the form of protective forts by the Marathas with their hard work. Their narrow valleys were suitable for guerilla warfare. Therefore, it was very difficult for the invading army to stay in this area. The valleys were surrounded by dense forests. This natural barrier helped in the rise of the Marathas. The harsh hilly topography made the residents hardworking and courageous. The inhabitants of this hilly region had the qualities of a born soldier due to their harsh life. This geographical position gave the Marathas the qualities of a good soldier. He had the qualities of self-reliance, simplicity, dedication, courage, self-respect. He had the skill of guerilla warfare and the power to dazzle the enemy. The invaders could not get success due to the natural barrier.
2 * Religious reasons ---- In the 15th and 16th centuries, there was a revolution in the field of religion in Maharashtra. It provided religious awakening and social unity to the residents of Maharashtra. This movement rejected the caste system. The important thing was that most of the saints of this movement belonged to the lower classes, whose compositions are still sung with reverence in Maharashtra. Eknath, Tukaram, Ramdas, Vaman Pandit were the main saints of this movement. He wrote his works in Marathi language which was understandable to the common man. And through his creations, not only the youth of Maharashtra but also awakened the national spirit in the entire society. These youths made a big contribution in increasing the power of Shivaji, protecting their country and religion by putting their lives on the line. These religious reformers made a big contribution to protect Hinduism.
3* Social reason----- Before political consciousness, social and religious consciousness existed in Maharashtra. The caste balance in Maharashtra and South India was more coordinated than in North India. The socio-religious movement there established social equality. This religious movement was not radical Brahminical but progressive. In which there was opposition to the method of worship and the caste system on the basis of birth. And the virtues of family purity, human love, benevolence, etc. were supported. The national movement in Maharashtra was made possible due to social equality. Because Maratha society had become united and organized.
4 * Political reasons ----- The Bahmani kingdom and the later Nizamshahi and Adilshahi states had provided the Marathas an opportunity for political and military training. These Muslim states did not receive Muslim immigrants from North India or Central Asia for administrative and military posts. So they had to depend on the local Maratha residents. In this way a class of Maratha officers was formed, who had sufficient experience in administrative work and military operation. This also led to the rise of a Maratha aristocracy, who lived in fortifications as vassals and maintained their armies. These Maratha chieftains had semi-independent power. Now there was a need for a leader who could organize this class to form a nation and provide them with a national Maratha state. Shivaji fulfilled this need.
5* Religious policy of Aurangzeb ---- Marathas were very dissatisfied with Aurangzeb's religious policy. He had done a lot of atrocities on Hindus. A policy of humiliating and humiliating them was adopted in every way. It was the result of Aurangzeb's anti-Hindu policy that Shivaji took the title of "Hindu Padshahi" and "Hindu Dharmadvarak" and again vowed to protect the Brahmins. Apart from this, Aurangzeb's indifference towards the South and later attempts to take the entire South under his control, caused the Marathas to fear of snatching their homeland and jagirs. And the involvement of soldiers of all classes in the Maratha soldiers, which could lead to the formation of the Maratha army, etc., became many such reasons which contributed to the rise of Maratha power.
6* Economic reasons --- Economically, there was not much economic disparity among the residents of Maharashtra. Apart from the business class, there were not many rich people there. For this reason, there was a complete absence of economically exploiting class in Maharashtra. Maratha soldiers and settlers could be said to be poor and behavior less in comparison to the soldiers and residents of North India. Due to this poverty the character of the people of Maharashtra was strengthened. He was hardworking and courageous; he had a sense of equality. They were devoid of the spirit of small and big and they were avoiding the luxuries due to which the society of northern India was becoming hollow.
7* Personality of Shiva---- Apart from all these reasons, the role of Shiva in the upliftment of Marathas and his miraculous personality cannot be forgotten. He had the qualities of a successful conqueror, great warrior, skilled politician and successful organizer. Shivji united the Marathas spread like particles of atom through his efficient leadership and messages of nationalism and at the same time awakened the power of Marathas which had been hidden in them for years. In the words of Yadunath Sarkar, "A leader by birth had a personal attraction in Shiva, and anyone who came to know him became infatuated with Shiva."
Conclusion: --- On the basis of the above discussion, we come to the conclusion that even before Shiva, there were various circumstances in Maharashtra due to which the background of the rise of Maratha power had been created. But Maharashtra had a shortcoming that these elements were not aggregated. On the basis of these elements, no one had tried to unite the Marathas in an organized manner and the idea of establishing an independent Hindu state did not come to the Marathas. Shiva completed this task. Due to this he became the builder of the Maratha nation and an independent Hindu state.
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