NOTE:- ENGLISH AND HINDI LANGUAGE:-
प्रश्न-- शेरशाह की भू-राजस्व व्यवस्था का वर्णन कीजिए।
Dr. Om Prakash Singh, Assistant Professor, Deptt of History, Government P.G CollegeThakurdwara, Moradabad (U.P) India.
- Mst Read It:- Administration of Sher Shah Suri.
IN ENGLISH:-
Question: Describe the land revenue system of Sher Shah.
Ans--- The importance of Sher Shah Suri in medieval Indian history is as a successful administrator. His biggest administrative feature is that he implemented such an economic system, understanding the needs of the empire and administration and the basic needs of the common people who contributed to the development of the economy, which acted as a draft in the future.
Motivational circumstances--- Sher Shah was young Farid. He had learned a lot in his background. In the course of taking over his father's jagir and running the land administration of Bihar, he came to know about the subtle requirements of the land-revenue system especially. Sher Shah's understanding had matured at every level, from the needs of the farmers to the nature of tax-payment.
That is why Sher Shah was well aware of the fact that the basis of a strong empire is economy. And land revenue is its main and fundamental source. He was also aware of the situation that it is not possible to oppress the farmers in the abundance of fertile land, because the migration of farmers is disastrous. That is why he adopted a middle path of land-revenue collection, in which the principle of prudent and persuasive prevailed, so that the treasury remained prosperous and dissatisfaction did not develop among the farmers. Establishment of direct relationship between the state and the farmers was an effective step in this direction.
Help from qualified persons---- Sher Shah Suri selected qualified persons in determining the land-revenue system. Hindu scholars were closely related to the Indian economy. That's why Sher Shah Suri took help from Hindus at all levels. Raja Todar Mal had given special help to Sher Shah in the land-revenue system.
In this way, Sher Shah, seeing his experience and present circumstances, tested and applied some principles. Which can be seen under the following references----
Measurement of land-- Sher Shah first got the measurement of land done in almost all the land areas of his empire. This work was completed under the leadership of Ahmed Khan. Sikandari-gaja was used for measurement, which was 39 fingers long. The land measurement was recorded in Khasra-Khatauni (register). The unit of land was considered to be bigha. On the basis of yield, the land was divided into three parts viz., Uttam, Medium, and Low.
Assessment of tax ---- For the assessment of land tax, the figures of yield of all three types of land were taken as average per bigha and 1/3 part of it was fixed as tax. This 1/3 share was called assessment tax, that is, the demand of the government. Farmers had the facility to pay land tax in the form of cash or grain. In which the convenience of the farmers was taken care of. But Sher Shah preferred cash. A list of crop-rates was also issued for determining Ray or rent.
Methods of assessment of land-tax--- Sher Shah adopted three types of methods for assessment of land tax---
1. Jabti System - Under this type of system, there was a contract between the government and the farmers, in which the rate per bigha was fixed for a few years.
2. Nashk or Kankut method --- According to this method, farmers and government employees used to estimate the crop before harvesting and land tax was fixed on the basis of the estimate. The Nashk system was in a way similar to the Ryotwari system. In which the subjects used to pay their money directly to the government.
3. Batai or Galla Bakshi system --- In this system, when the crop was ready, the crop was cut into three heaps, out of which one heap belonged to the government and the other two heaps belonged to the farmer.
Patta and Kabuliyat--- Establishment of direct relationship between the government and the peasants-- was another important step of Sher Shah. After fixing the land tax by the government, the farmers were given pattas, in which the area of sowing, the type of crop, and the amount of rent payable were also written. The farmers used to give their approval (written) to the government in the form of confession. This system brought two benefits to the farmers - first they knew their due rent amount at the time of sowing, secondly they also got freedom from the tyrannical mediation of the landlords. The government also continued to get the actual rent amount.
Takabi loan ---- Loans were given by Sher Shah to the farmers to improve agriculture or to improve the condition of the field. This loan given by the government was called Takabi loan.
Other Taxes---- In addition to land tax, farmers also had to pay zaribana (survey fee) and muhasilana (tax collection fee) as fees to those who measured the land, the rates of which are 2.5% of the land revenue and 2.5% of the land revenue respectively. Was 5%. Hasan Khan says that Sher Shah had made such a system that every landholder and revenue payer should deposit 2.5% of his tax in the public treasury, so that the money could be spent in times of accidents or great calamities. This tax was certainly collected in the form of grain. Which was stored in the local store? And it was used at the time of redressal of the problems of the time of famine. Sher Shah encouraged land reforms, in case of drought or famine, rent was exempted.
Welfare Approach-- Sher Shah ordered that the revenue officer should act sympathetically while fixing the land tax, not to make any concession while collecting it. Farmers were exempted from land tax in case of crop failure. If there was any kind of damage to the standing crops during the military campaign, the farmers were compensated for it. Abbas Khan Sarwani says that "While traveling with the army, Sher Shah himself used to see the condition of the fields."
In this way, the land revenue policy introduced by Sher Shah Suri was immediately beneficial, it was also adopted by the Mughal Emperor Akbar and if needed, he also amended that method, but the originality remained. Certainly Sher Shah Suri did not make fundamental land revenue reforms and this was not even possible because no change in the nature of its sources had taken place till that time. The beneficial elements of the revenue system were presented with personal vigilance. In which he also got success. But he could not succeed in eradicating the corruption which was spreading in the working class.
TAGS:- शेरशाह की भू-राजस्व व्यवस्था, Takabi loan, Patta and Kabuliyat, Jabti System, Nashk or Kankut method, Batai or Galla Bakshi system
