NOTE:- ENGLISH AND HINDI LANGUAGE:-
प्रश्न-- मुहम्मद बिन तुगलक की आदर्शवादी नीतियों का वर्णन करे।
अथवा
मुहम्मद बिन तुगलक की आंतरिक सुधार योजनाओ का वर्णन कीजिए
तथा उसकी असफलताओ के कारणों की व्याख्या कीजिए।
अथवा
"मुहम्मद
बिन तुगलक एक व्यवहारिक आदर्शवादी था।" इस कथन के सन्दर्भ में उसकी विभिन्न
योजनाओं का संक्षिप्त मूल्यांकन कीजिये।
Dr. Om Prakash Singh, Assistant Professor, Deptt of History, Government P.G CollegeThakurdwara, Moradabad (U.P) India.
IN ENGLISH:-
Question: Describe the idealistic policies of Muhammad bin Tughlaq.
Or
Describe the internal reform plans of Muhammad bin Tughlaq and explain the reasons for his failures.
Or
"Muhammad bin Tughlaq was a practical idealist." In the context of this statement, briefly evaluate his various plans.
Answer---- Muhammad bin Tughlaq was a ruler of a remarkable talent. He was a very liberal, justice loving and tolerant ruler. He always made and implemented new and idealistic plans for the public interest and prosperity of the state. Although the Sultan faithfully implemented these plans, but due to not favorable time and circumstances, his plans went on failing and he could not get a proper place in history. The plans implemented by Muhammad bin Tughlaq are as follows-----
1* Change of capital ---- A major event of the reign of Muhammad bin Tughlaq is the change of capital. The Sultan decided to make Daulatabad (Devagiri) the capital in place of Delhi. The reasons for making Daulatabad the capital were the following:
(i) * Daulatabad was situated in the center of the empire. Being away from the north-west frontier, it was not at risk of Mongol invasion like Delhi.
(ii) * The Sultan wanted to pay more attention to the governance of South India than that of North India.
(iii) * The Sultan was angry with the residents of Delhi because they used to write him abusive letters every day, so in anger the Sultan decided to destroy Delhi (according to Ibn Battuta and Isami)
(iv)* He wanted to establish and spread Muslim culture in South India.
To fulfill the above objectives, the Sultan decided to make Devagiri (Daulatabad) the capital of his empire, he ordered the people of Delhi to go to Devagiri. He made many arrangements for the relocation of the people, but all these proved to be insufficient and the common man had to face a lot of difficulties. Later, when Muhammad bin Tughlaq realized, he allowed the people to return.
Failure ---- Reaching Daulatabad, the Sultan saw that it was more difficult to control the entire empire from the south, so he returned to Delhi again. Because of this the plan failed. Barani writes that "Before this plan he did not ask anyone's opinion, his decision came later that those who want to return to Delhi can return."
2* Sign currency ------- The second controversial plan of Muhammad bin Tughlaq was the circulation of sign currency. Before starting the use of this symbolic currency, he made many reforms in the prevailing monetary system and by an ordinance, bronze and copper coins were declared legal currency, and they were kept at par with silver tanka in value. The Sultan issued these coins in 1329-30 AD. This was a new and revolutionary step of the Sultan, through which he made arrangements to keep silver safe in the treasury, but his plan also failed.
Failure------- The Sultan did not make any arrangement to keep the state monopoly on these coins, as a result of which people started manufacturing it in homes. In exchange for these coins, they started paying home-made coins as tax. This had a bad effect on trade, as the merchants refused to accept these coins and stopped bringing goods to India. Being compelled, the Sultan closed it and bronze coins were deposited in the treasury and silver and gold coins were given in return. This policy of the Sultan proved to be very fatal.
3* Khorasan's plan ---- Muhammad bin Tughlaq was an ambitious ruler. He started the Khorasan campaign with the ambition of expanding the empire. For this purpose, the Sultan appointed a huge army (about 3,70,000 soldiers) and the army was also given an advance salary of one year. But fighting the snow-covered Khorasan was not an easy task. But this plan could not be started. The political instability of Khorasan ended even before the army marched. Due to which Muhammad bin Tughlaq had to end his campaign midway.
4* Plan of Karachil conquest ---- Like Khorasan, the Sultan also planned the conquest of Karachil. This region was the Kullu-Kangra or Garhwal-Kumau region in the Central Himalayas. The Sultan attacked Karachil kingdom with the aim of expanding the empire. In 1337 AD, under the leadership of Malik Khushro, a huge army of Delhi attacked this stronghold of Hindus. But due to the inaccessibility of the mountainous route, Malik Khusro could not control Karachil. Due to the mountainous land and heavy rains, he suffered severe damage, was forced to return. So this plan also failed.
5* Tax increase in Do-Aab---- Muhammad bin Tughluq implemented tax system on the basis of quality in the area of Do-Aab and ordered to collect it harshly. But unfortunately in the same year there was a severe famine in Do-ab. For this reason the people there opposed it, but the employees of the Sultan continued to collect taxes. That is why the farmers left agriculture and took up the profession of plundering. The Sultan tried to help the farmers by giving relief material, but all the efforts of the Sultan failed and the prestige of the Sultan fell in the public.
6* Plan for expansion of agriculture----- Apart from increasing the tax in Do-Aab, the Sultan also tried to improve the system of agriculture. The Sultan established a department named "Diwan-i-Kohi" for the development of agriculture. By this a land area of 60 square miles was selected, which was an area of two-abs. In which crops were sown alternately. In this plan, the Sultan spent about 70 lakh tankas between 1341-44 AD. But his experiments also proved unsuccessful like other experiments. The main reason for its failure was that the land selected for this was infertile (barren). The Sultan himself could not pay full attention to this plan and his officials turned out to be incompetent and corrupt. The stipulated time of three years for the completion of this scheme and the policy of recovering half of the produce from the farmers was wrong. So this plan could not be completed.
Conclusion---- After analyzing the above policies in this way, we come to the conclusion that all those desirable qualities were present in Muhammad bin Tughlaq. But from the point of view of the ruler, he proved to be a complete failure. There were conflicts and conflicts at many places in his empire. He was immensely ambitious and wanted to expand the empire. But he had lost most of his empire. He planned to implement governance, land, revenue, currency etc. on scientific basis, but all his plans failed. For this reason, many historians have described the policies of Muhammad bin Tughlaq as idealistic policy, which could not coordinate with time and proved to be unsuccessful.
TAGS:- मुहम्मद बिन तुगलक की आंतरिक सुधार योजनाये, राजधानी परिवर्तन, सांकेतिक मुद्रा, खुरासान की योजना, कराचिल विजय की योजना, दो-आब में कर वृद्धि, कृषि के विस्तार की योजना, MEDIEVALHISTORY.
