NOTE:- ENGLISH AND HINDI LANGUAGE:-
प्रश्नन--- पानीपत के प्रथम युद्ध की विवेचना कीजिए एवं उसमे बाबर की सफलता के कारणों का परीक्षण कीजिए।
अथवा
पानीपत के युद्ध का वर्णन करते हुए उसके परिणम और महत्व का मूल्यांकन कीजिए।
Dr Om Prakash Singh
उत्तर---पानीपत का प्रथम युद्ध भारतीय इतिहास के निर्णायक युद्धों में से एक है। इस युद्ध के परिणामस्वरूप दिल्ली सल्तनत की समाप्ति हुई एवं भारत मे मुगल वंश की स्थापना हुई। बाबर ने भारत की राजनीतिक स्थिति की जानकारी प्राप्त करने के लिये 1526 ई0 तक भारत पर पांच आक्रमण किये जिनका उल्लेख वह "बाबारनामा" में करता है। इन पांच आक्रमणो के द्वारा बाबर ने भारत की राजनीतिक स्थिति का अच्छी प्रकार से आकलन करने के बाद अब अपना लक्ष्य भारत विजय का बनाया। इस प्रकार भारत विजय के क्रम में बाबर का मुकाबला दिल्ली के शासक इब्राहिम लोदी से 1526 ई0 में हुआ जो पानीपत के युद्ध के नाम से जाना गया।
*पानीपत के प्रथम युद्ध के परिणाम*
*पानीपत के युद्ध मे बाबर की सफलता के कारण*
Question-- Discuss the first battle of Panipat and examine the reasons for Babur's success in it.
Or
Describing the battle of Panipat, evaluate its outcome and importance.
Ans--- The First Battle of Panipat is one of the decisive battles in Indian history. This war resulted in the end of the Delhi Sultanate and the establishment of the Mughal dynasty in India. Babur made five attacks on India till 1526 AD to get information about the political situation of India, which he mentions in "Babarnama". Babur, after thoroughly assessing the political situation of India through these five attacks, now made his goal of conquest of India. Thus, in order to conquer India, Babur had a fight with the ruler of Delhi, Ibrahim Lodi, in 1526 AD, which was known as the Battle of Panipat.
First Battle of Panipat--- This war was probably an expression of Babur's ambitious plans. Babur started towards India in 1525 AD with special military preparations. In which Babur's son Humayun had also arrived with a military contingent from Badakhshan, he soon crossed the Indus river and reached Punjab. The army of Daulat Khan Lodi, the Subedar of Punjab, ran away on hearing the name of Babur. Daulat Khan Lodi was taken prisoner, but he died on the way. After consolidating his position on Punjab, Babur proceeded towards Delhi. When Ibrahim Lodi came to know of Babur's invasion, he took a huge army and went to face him. On 12 April 1526 AD, the armies of both Babur and Ibrahim Lodi came face to face in the historical ground of Panipat. But the war between the two armies started on 21 April 1526 AD. It is believed that the decision of this war was taken by noon. Ibrahim Lodi was badly defeated in the war and was killed. Babur in his work "Babarnama" has mentioned the use of only 12,000 soldiers in winning this war, but historians differ on this subject. In this war Babur used the famous Tulugama war policy and artillery for the first time. After the conquest of Panipat, Babur sent an army under the leadership of his son Humayun to capture Agra and he himself occupied Delhi. On 27 April 1526, the Khutba in the name of Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire, was read in Delhi itself. With this the Lodi Sultanate came to an end and a new chapter in Indian history began.
*Results of the First Battle of Panipat*
The results of the first battle of Panipat proved to be very decisive for Ibrahim Lodi and Babur, as a result of this war, one era in India ended, and another era started. The results of this war can be seen in the following contexts----
1* End of Lodi dynasty --- With the death of Ibrahim Lodi in the first battle of Panipat, the rule of both Delhi Sultanate and Lodi dynasty came to an end simultaneously. The Afghans were deprived of the supreme power of India for some time. The importance of the battle of Panipat lies in the fact that the battle of Tarain in 1192 AD, in which the process of birth of the Delhi Sultanate began, ended in 1526 AD in the field of Panipat. In the words of historian Lenpool, "For the Afghans, the battle of Panipat was their misfortune, this war brought an end to their kingdom and power."
2*Establishment of the Mughal dynasty -- After winning the battle of Panipat, the areas of Delhi and Agra came in the hands of Babur, a new blood was entered in Indian politics, on 27 April 1526 in Delhi After reading the Khutba in his name, he declared himself the king of Delhi. With this announcement of Babur, the empire of the Mughal dynasty was established in India. Thus both the new and old capitals (Delhi and Agra) of the Afghans came under Babur.
3*Indians came to know about the new war system---- Till the time of Babur's invasion, Indian soldiers used to fight in the traditional way. We know the scientific nature of the way Babur defeated Lodi's huge army despite having a small army. Babur used the Tulugama war method in this war, which the Indians were not familiar with, this method was completely based on the scientific principle of protection. In this method, fast moving cavalrymen, capable of relocating cannon and other gunpowder-using means were used. After the success of Babur in this war, the importance of fast-paced cavalry, cap, gunpowder had increased a lot in India too.
4*Babur received immense wealth----- Babur received immense wealth from Delhi in this war. Which he distributed among his subjects and soldiers.
5*The rise of the spirit of enthusiasm in the Afghans ---- This defeat opened the eyes of the Afghans and they realized their military incompetence. So a new spirit of enthusiasm arose in him. And they began to organize their power rapidly.
6*Establishment of Secular State ---- Mughals established a secular state in India. He completely separated religion from politics and treated all religions with generosity.
On the basis of the above discussion, it can be said that the most decisive result of this war was that the rule of Delhi Sultanate came to an end and a new dynasty "Mughal Dynasty" was established in India. Ishwari Prasad, while explaining the political outcome of this war, has said that "Delhi kingdom came into the hands of Babur from the battle of Panipat, due to which the power of the Lodi dynasty was disintegrated and the power of India went to the hands of Chagatai Turks. " In the words of Prof. M. M. Jafar, "This war marked the beginning of a new era in Indian history, replacing the Lodi dynasty with the Mughal dynasty."
*Reasons for Babur's success in the battle of Panipat*
1*Ibrahim Lodi's misbehavior with the chieftains--- Ibrahim Lodi, who was foolish and dogmatic, had dissatisfied his chieftains. Those chieftains who did not get any respect in his court were respected by his father and grandfather. He neglected even his closest relatives. As a result, his chieftains became his opponents and started conspiring to end his governance system. He invited Babur, the ruler of Kabul, to attack India, which Babur took full advantage of.
2* Tactics of Babur's army----- Babur's soldiers were brave, courageous, and tactical. He had good experience due to his participation in many wars. In contrast, Ibrahim Lodi's soldiers were unskilled and inexperienced. He was completely ignorant of the maneuvers of war. And he lacked the feeling of nationalism. In this regard, Babur has rightly written in "Tuzuke Babri" that "Indian soldiers know how to die, not fight."
3*Lack of military qualities in Ibrahim Lodi ---- There was a difference between the military qualities of Babar and Ibrahim Lodi. Babur was a scholar of martial arts. Before the campaign of his enemy, he used to make all his military preparations. In contrast, Ibrahim Lodi lacked martial arts. He adopted the old-fashioned method of warfare. He could not conduct military operations as efficiently as Babur did. Therefore, Babur soon succeeded in defeating Ibrahim Lodi.
4*Absence of Tlugma war method and artillery in Afghan army------- The biggest reason for Babur's success was the use of artillery and "Tulughma method" in the war. It also included small guns. He had the services of the artillery experts Mustafa Rumi and Ustad Ali. Apart from this, Ibrahim Lodi had no artillery pulse and his soldiers were completely unfamiliar with its use. The result was that the Indian soldiers could not stand in front of the rain of artillery. Apart from this, the warfare method of the Afghans was faulty. Therefore Babur used the "Tulughma method of warfare", due to which the Afghan army ran away and the victory garland fell on Babur's neck.
5* Lack of unity in India ---- There was lack of political unity in India at the time of Babur's invasion. The whole of India was divided into small states. There was a feeling of mutual jealousy and animosity among them. They did not want to cooperate with each other. Therefore, taking advantage of this situation, Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi.
In conclusion, it can be said that just as the Battle of Tarain (1192AD) had paved the way for the establishment of Turkish rule in India, in the same way the Battle of Panipat paved the way for the establishment of the Mughal state in India. Now Babur had to fight for the consolidation of his kingdom in India, not for its establishment.

