NOTE:- ENGLISH AND HINDI LANGUAGE:-
प्रश्न-- मुगल कालीन स्थापत्य कला के विकास का वर्णन करे।
Dr Om Prakash Singh
- Must Read It:-शाहजहाँ का शासन काल स्वर्ण युग
IN ENGLISH:-
Question: Describe the development of the Mughal period architecture.
Answer---- The Mughal period is world famous for the development of art and architecture. All the great Mughal emperors were art lovers except Aurangzeb. During the Mughal period, various arts like architecture, painting, music, writing, sculpture, etc. got a lot of encouragement from emperors, feudatories, and famous Hindu kings. The Mughal period art works are a living symbol of very proud traditions. The immortality which has been given to the stone blocks by the seekers and paintbrushes is a telling story of the glory of Mughal architecture. Whether it is Fatehpur Sikri or Jama Masjid, Jahangiri Mahal or Humayun's Tomb, Red Fort or Taj Mahal, each brick (stone) of all of them is the prime expression of our medieval opulence and extreme excellence, which has no equal in world history. (option) No. But there is no new discovery in this glorious art, but it is a mixture of an Indo-Islamic art developed during the period of Turks and Afghans. Except for the fanatic Aurangzeb, all the early Mughal emperors used this Indo-Islamic style in their construction works.
Architecture:
Babur---- Babur called the disciples of the Albanian architect Sinan from Kastunia to build the India Mosque. Babur built many mosques at places like Agra, Bayana, Dholpur, Gwalior, Ayodhya, Sambal etc. Which he has mentioned in his autobiography. With the arrival of the Mughals, there was a special change in the architecture, the construction of waterfalls and ponds took a special place in the palaces. Babur was also very fond of planting a garden. Agra's "Aram Bagh" established by him is still famous for its beauty.
Humayun --- The buildings built by Humayun have been decorated with Iranian style. Humayun's reign was mostly spent in wars, he did not get enough time for the development of architecture. Nevertheless, he brought with him some craftsmen from Iran, who contributed to the development of architecture. Only two buildings of Humayun's time exist at this time - the palace named "Dinpanah" located in Delhi and the mosque of Fatehpur located in Hisar district.
Sher Shah --- During the reign of Humayun, the Afghan leader Sher Shah had got the right on the throne of Delhi for a short time. Sher Shah was also fond of building buildings, but he could not get enough time and very few buildings could be built during his time. Among the buildings built by him, his own tomb located at Sasaram is noteworthy. It is an excellent specimen of Hindu-Muslim architecture. Apart from this, Sher Shah got the old fort of Delhi repaired and built a mosque named "Qila-e-Kuhna" there.
Akbar ---- During the reign of Akbar, there was a lot of development in the field of architecture. Akbar had unlimited resources and enough time to build on a large scale. Akbar also built huge buildings, minarets, inns, schools, and ponds. The forts of Agra, Allahabad, and Lahore are famous among the forts built by Akbar. The fort of Agra has been built by red stone, which has many grand gates. Irani, Rajasthani, Turkish influences are seen in Akbar's buildings. Fatehpur Sikri is an example of Mughal architecture. Apart from an artificial lake, there is also a building built in Gujarati and Bengali style. The Panch Mahal located here is a copy of Buddhist Biharo. Similar pillars have been constructed in this, as they are done in temples. Akbar built palaces in Gujarati style for the Rajput queens. Jodha Bai's palace, Diwan-i-Aam, Diwan-ke-Khas, and Buland Darwaza are worth visiting. The Jama Masjid made of marble is called "A romance in stone" by Ferguson. The Buland Darbaja, built by Akbar to commemorate the Gujarat victory, is a mixture of Gujarati style and Iranian architecture. His tomb at Sikandra, built by Akbar, differs from all other buildings built during the Mughal period, with a flat roof, and without a dome.
Jahangir ----- Jahangir showed more interest in painting than in architecture. But due to the inclination towards architecture of his wife Nur Jahan, many beautiful and grand buildings were built during the reign of Jahangir. During this period, the use of marble started becoming more and more and they were also carved with precious stones. Jahangir completed the construction of Akbar's tomb in Sikandra and expanded the fort of Lahore and got the Moti Masjid built in it. A grand and beautiful building of its time is the tomb of Nur Jahan's father and Jahangir's father-in-law, Itmad-ud-Daulah. Another beautiful building is the tomb of Jahangir, which was built by Nur Jahan in Lahore.
Shah Jahan ---- Shah Jahan's reign is called the "Golden Age" in terms of the progress of architecture. The architecture built during the time of Shah Jahan is thicker than Akbari architecture from the point of view of grandeur and originality. But it is essential from the point of view of performance and ornamentation. He settled Shahjahanabad (Old Delhi) and got the Red Fort built there and decorated it with grand buildings. Among the buildings inside the fort, "Diwan-i-Aam", "Diwan-i-Khas" are particularly famous and important. Diwan-i-Khas is famous for its beautiful carvings, decorations, and beauty. The "Jama Masjid" built by him is a famous building. Among the buildings built by Shah Jahan, the "Taj Mahal" of Agra is one of the Seven Wonders of the World. It is the best example of the entire Mughal architecture. It was built by Shah Jahan in the memory of his beloved wife Mumtaz Mahal. Shah Jahan built grand palaces, forts, tombs, and mosques in cities like Delhi, Agra, Lahore, Kashmir, Ajmer, Ahmedabad etc. Along with red stone, white marble was also used in these buildings of Shah Jahan, due to which they look more attractive and beautiful.
Aurangzeb---- During the reign of Aurangzeb, the progress of architecture was hit. He had no interest in the fine arts. Therefore, the buildings built during his time were inferior in comparison to the buildings of Akbar and Shah Jahan. He built a white marble mosque inside the Red Fort of Delhi. In 1679 AD, he built a mausoleum in the memory of his beloved wife at Aurangabad in the south. Although unsuccessful attempts have been made to copy the Taj Mahal in its construction. Even after Aurangzeb, buildings continued to be built but they did not have the level which was of the great Mughal architecture.
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