NOTE:- ENGLISH AND HINDI LANGUAGE:-
प्रश्न---- शेरशाह सूरी का जीवन परिचय देते हुए उसके सैनिक सुधरो का वर्णन कीजिए।
Dr Om Prakash Singh
- MUST READ:- Administration of Sher Shah Suri.
निष्कर्ष--- इस प्रकार कहा जा सकता है कि मध्यकालीन शासको की तरह शेरशाह सूरी के साम्राज्य की स्थापना का मुख्य आधार भी उसकी शक्तिशाली और सुव्यवस्थित सेना ही थी। इसी सैनिक शक्ति के बल पर ही उसने भारत मे द्वितीय अफगान साम्राज्य की स्थापना किया और इस साम्राज्य को एक नवीन स्वरूप प्रदान किया। यह उसकी शक्तिशाली सेना का ही परिणाम था जिसके कारण वह अपने विरोधी शत्रुओ का दमन करके साम्राज्य में शांति एवं सुव्यवस्था स्थापित किया, और इसी शांति व्यवस्था के कारण ही वह अपने साम्राज्य के प्रशासन के प्रत्येक क्षेत्र में सुधार करने में सफल रहा। इसी कारण इतिहासकारो ने शेरशाह को मध्यकालीन सुधारक की संज्ञा प्रदान की है। अतः उसके साम्राज्य को देखकर यही कहा जा सकता है कि उसने सैनिक और असैनिक दोनो प्रकार की शासन व्यवस्था में बहुत अच्छी प्रकार से सामंजस्य स्थापित कर रखा था। इस प्रकार उसका सैन्य-संगठन प्रशंसनीय एवं प्रभवशाली था। इन सभी विशेषताओ के कारण उसे अकबर का अग्रगामी या पथ प्रदर्शक कहा जाता है।
IN ENGLISH:-
Question--- Giving introduction of Sher Shah Suri's life, describe his military reforms.
Ans-- Sher Shah's childhood name was Farid. His ancestors were residents of Afghanistan. His paternal grandfather Ibrahim Khan Sur came to India with his son Hasan Khan. Here he did a military job with the Afghan Sardar Jamal Khan of Hisar-Firoza and it was here that Farid was born to Hasan's Afghan wife at a place called Bajwara (Hoshiarpur) in 1472 AD (according to Dr. Kanungo in 1486 AD). It had earlier served as a soldier for Babur. Babur promoted him to the rank of commander and then was appointed the governor of Bihar. In 1537-38, Sher Shah established the Sur dynasty by taking control of Bihar and Bengal.
Sher Shah defeated Humayun in the battle of Chausa in 1539 AD and at Vilgram (Kannauj) in 1540 AD and forced him to leave India. And established his empire in the whole of North India.
The type of government established by Babur had ended with Humayun. Later on, the Akhand Bharat that Akbar built, its foundation was laid by Sher Shah Suri. That is why historians have called Sher Shah the pioneer or guide of Akbar.
Military Reforms of Sher Shah Suri---- Military reforms were important to run the vast empire established by Sher Shah properly. Therefore, he focused his attention on military reforms to maintain this vast empire and expand the empire. We can describe the military reforms done by him under the following contexts.
1* The number and organization of the army.
2* Recruitment of soldiers.
3* Salary and promotion.
4* Daag and Hulia system.
5* Rigorous discipline.
6* Division of the army.
1* Number and Organization of the Army------- Sher Shah formed a huge and powerful army, influenced by Alauddin Khilji, in a practical and permanent form. There were four parts of the army --- cavalry, foot, elephant, artillery. This huge army consisted of 150,000 cavalry, 25,000 infantry, and 5,000 elephants. His military organization was known as Khasarvail or Hasham-i-Kalv.
2* Recruitment of Soldiers---- Sher Shah took interest in the appointment, salary etc. of the soldiers personally to make a direct relationship with the soldiers. Only qualified persons were given place in the army. To bring coordination and balance in the army, the sentiments of the Afghans were respected and tribal organizations were established among the Afghan leaders according to their caste, such as the group of Lodis under the leadership of Lodi.
3* Salary and Promotion---- Sher Shah arranged to give cash salary to his soldiers. High commanders and officers were given jagirs. Soldiers were promoted on the basis of their merit.
4 * Daag and Hulia System --- Sher Shah recognized some such practices, which were started by the Khiljis. To prevent dishonesty and corruption in the army, started the practice of horse-staining, which was called Daag-a-Huliya. So that the equestrian soldier could not deceive him by showing other horses. His purpose behind this practice was so that the soldiers used to sell good quality horses and put them in the army in their place. Similarly, the account (face) of the soldiers was recorded.
5* Strict Discipline----- Sher Shah established many divisions to organize his army properly, the rules of the army were very strict. Strict punishment was arranged for violating the rules.
6* Division of the Army----- Sher Shah divided his army into many parts, each part was placed under the able commander. His army lived in cantonments, which were established at various places in the state. Some historians believe that Sher Shah abolished the jagirdari system as it is believed to be against the Afghan spirit. Respecting this sentiment, Sher Shah Suri did not even implement the Mansabdari system.
Conclusion --- Thus it can be said that like the medieval rulers, the main basis for the establishment of the empire of Sher Shah Suri was also his powerful and well-organized army. On the strength of this military power, he established the second Afghan Empire in India and gave a new form to this empire. This was the result of his powerful army, due to which he established peace and order in the empire by suppressing his rival enemies, and due to this peace system, he was successful in improving every area of administration of his empire. For this reason, historians have named Sher Shah as a medieval reformer. Therefore, looking at his empire, it can be said that he had very well co-ordinated both the military and the civilian administration. In this way his military organization was praiseworthy and influential. Due to all these characteristics, he is called the forerunner or guide of Akbar.
TAGS:- शेरशाह सूरी का जीवन परिचय, शेरशाह सूरी सैनिक सुधर. Medievalhistory.