NOTE:--- ENGLISH AND HINDI LANGUAGE:-
प्रश्न:- सिन्धु घाटी सभ्यता या हड़प्पा सभ्यता के निवासियों के सामाजिक और आर्थिक जीवन के विषय मे आप क्या जानते है? समझाइए।
Dr Om Prakash Singh
IN ENGLISH:-
Question: - What do you know about the social and economic
life of the inhabitants of the Indus Valley Civilization or the Harappan
Civilization? Explain.
Answer: --- On the basis of excavation of sites related to Harappan culture, we can present the outline of the social life of the time. On the basis of the size and type of buildings and economic disparity, it can be said that like other ancient civilizations of the world, the society of Indus civilization was also dependent on class-discrimination. In the excavation, where the houses of some wealthy have been found, the same for the poor. Along with the fort, laborers' huts (barracks) have also been found. This makes the class division clear. Similarly, the ornaments of the rich were made of precious metals and stones, while those of the poor were made of clay, oysters and snails. By looking at the excavated objects and sculptures, information is also available about the standard of living of the inhabitants of this civilization. We can express the social life of the Harappan civilization under the following contexts.
Social Classification: ----- It is not known how many classes the society of Indus Valley Civilization was divided into. Possibly the society was mainly divided into four classes- the ruling class, the wealthy or aristocratic class, the middle class and the lower class. Forts were built for the rulers to live in. The houses of the wealthy or aristocratic class were large and comfortable. The residences of the middle class were relatively small. The lower class lived in barrack-like houses or huts. Priests, merchants, warriors and military officers could be placed under the elite class. The middle class consisted of farmers, small traders, artisans, clerks, doctors etc. Working laborers and slaves were kept in the lower class. The life of the upper class was happy and prosperous, but the condition of the slaves would not have been satisfactory. Despite economic disparity, information about class struggle is not available.
Social Organization: -- Some speculations have been made about social organization. Perhaps the family was the unit of society. Whether the joint family system was prevalent or unitary, there is no clear information about this, but looking at the large residential houses, it can be estimated that many people would have lived in large families. Whether the families were patriarchal or matriarchal, there is no definite evidence in this regard. Since matriarchal elements were dominant in the pre-Aryan cultures, it can be inferred that the family of the Indus civilization was also matriarchal. This possibility is further increased by looking at the large number of female figurines found from the excavations. Our knowledge about family rites and method of marriage etc. is negligible.
Food
and lifestyle: ----- The people of Sandhav were fond of food and drink and
clothes and ornaments. They were vegetarian and non-vegetarian. Wheat, barley
were their main food items. Rice was also prevalent in some areas. A variety of
fruits, vegetables, milk, meat and fish were also eaten. Earthen, stone and
metal utensils were used for cooking and eating.
The
Saindhavas used to use both woolen and cotton clothes. Both men and women were
fond of wearing jewellery. The poor wore ornaments made of clay, snails, bone
or bronze, while the wealthy wore ornaments made of gold, silver, ivory and
precious stones. The major ornaments were necklaces, bracelets, earring pajebs,
rings, nostril bangles etc. These people were also fond of decorating, for
which they used comb, mirror, makeup, mascara, oil etc.
Pleasure (Delectation): -- The inhabitants of the Indus civilization used to give due importance to entertainment in their lives. They had many means of entertainment - hunting animals, fishing, catching birds, fighting animals etc. Pictures of musical instruments are also inscribed on some seals, which gives evidence of their interest in music. The idols of dancers and dancers show their interest in dancer (dance). The game of dice or quadruped was very popular among other means of entertainment. Chessnua game was also played.
The
custom of funeral rites:-- Excavation also sheds some light on the
corpse-immersion system of the inhabitants of the Indus civilization. On the
basis of the evidence obtained, it can be said that there were three types of
rites of the dead - the practice of complete burial, the practice of partial
burial and the custom of cremation.
Ultimately,
it can be said that in spite of class-division and economic inequality in the
Sandhav society, the life of the people here was happy and prosperous.
Economic
life: ---- The economic life of the Indus civilization was based on
agriculture, animal husbandry, various types of industries and trade-commerce.
We can express their economic life in the following contexts.
Agriculture:
-- Although the economic system of the inhabitants of the Indus civilization
was originally based on industry and trade, yet agriculture was given special
attention. The land of the Indus Valley was very fertile because the Indus and
its tributaries brought fertile soil every year, which yielded good yields.
There is no evidence of canals for irrigation, but there is evidence of pits,
in which water was stored and used for irrigation. The land was probably plowed
with the help of shovels and plows. There is evidence of plowing the fields
from Kalibanga. Stones and bronze hooves may have been used to cut crops. Okhli
and pestle were used to crush grain, although stone mills have been found from
Lothal, but its antiquity is doubtful.
Animal Husbandry:-- Along with agriculture, animal husbandry was also given attention. Paintings done on seals, corpses, on the basis of fossils found from excavation, it can be estimated about their domestic animals and birds. The humpbacked Taurus is more commonly seen on seals, other domesticated animals were ox, buffalo, cow, dog, pig, sheep, goat, deer, rabbit etc. He was introduced to the elephant. There was no marking of camel and horse on the seals. With the discovery of the remains of horse figurines, bones and jaws etc. from places like Lothal, Surkotda, Kalibanga etc., it is now certain that the Indus people were familiar with this animal.
Crafts
and Industries: ---- The inhabitants of the Indus civilization had developed
various types of industries to make their life happy and prosperous, which was
the basis of their economic system. Their occupations included the textile
industry, which included weaving, embroidering, dyeing, spun yarn, etc.
Evidence of cotton textiles is found from places like Mohenjodaro, Kalibanga,
Lothal, Rangpur, Alamgirpur, etc. Apart from these, toys making, painting on
them, metal work, brick making, figurines, seals and bead making were the main
industries. Bead making factories have been found from Chanhudaro.
In
addition to the above mentioned occupations, jewellers, sailors, house
builders, fishermen's business, cosmetics were made from ivory. In this way
there was proper development of business and industry in the Indus
civilization.
Trade-Commerce:
---- The people of Indus used to search for the market for the goods
manufactured by them and also trade with different parts of India and abroad
for the goods of the wealthy class born out of the desire to get raw materials
and surplus production. . There is evidence of trade of Indus civilization from
archaeological explorations - silver (Afghanistan), gold (South India, Mysore),
copper (Rajasthan, Balochistan), tin (Afghanistan, Iran), and lajvard, onyx,
emerald, coral etc. Rajasthan were imported from places like Afghanistan, Iran
etc.
Indus people also had trade relations with Mesopotamia, Egypt and Central Asia. Evidence of this is found in the seals of the Indus civilization in Mesopotamia and the seals of Mesopotamia found in the Indus civilization. It has also been discussed in the Mesopotamian inscriptions that the merchants of the city of Ur used to trade with 'Meluha'.
The
discovery of Harappan scripts from Persia's Phalka and Bahrain, Harappan type
beads from Egypt, gorilla and mummy figurines from Lothal, the similarity
between Crete mixed animals and Mohenjodaro mixed animals prove that the Indus
people had trade relations with these countries.
The
trade of the Indus civilization was based on exchange because excavations do
not provide evidence of the circulation of money. The system of measure and
weight was prevalent to facilitate trade. The digit of 16 or its multiples was
used as the unit of weight. A scale made of oysters has been found from
Mohenjojaro and a scale made of ivory from Lothal. It is clear from this that a
certain system of measurement was adopted for the progress of business.
Thus
it can be said that the external trade of the Indus people must have been more
developed than the internal trade, for which many evidences are available to
confirm. Certainly for this a strong organization of traders must have been
working in the Indus civilization. In fact, if seen, the main reason for the
prosperity of the Indus civilization must have been its foreign trade.
Tags: - Social and Economic life of Indus Valley Civilization,Trade-Commerce, Crafts
and Industries, Agriculture, Ancienthistory.

