NOTE:--- ENGLISH AND HINDI LANGUAGE:-
प्रश्न:-- गुप्तो के अधीन सामाजिक एवं आर्थिक जीवन की रूपरेखा प्रस्तुत करे।
जाति-व्यवस्था एवं अस्पृश्यता:--- गुप्तकाल में अनुलोम एवं प्रतिलोम विवाह के फलस्वरूप अनेक मिश्रित जातियों का उदय हुआ, जैसे निषाद (ब्राह्मण पिता व शूद्र माता से उत्पन्न संतान) चाण्डाल (शूद्र पिता व ब्राह्मण माता से उतपन्न संतान) आदि नई जातियों में भूमि अनुदान की प्रथा के विकास के कारण कायस्थो का उदय हुआ। इस काल मे अस्पृश्यता की भावना भी समाज मे थी। फाहियान के अनुसार समाज मे एक अस्पृश्य वर्ग था जिसे अन्त्यज या चाण्डाल या प्रतिलोम विवाह से उतपन्न भी कहा जाता था। ये प्रायः बस्तियों से बाहर रहते थे तथा सबसे घृणित कार्य जौसे सड़को व गलियों की सफाई करना, शमशान का कार्य करना, अपराधियो को फाँसी पर लटकाना आदि करते थे, अछूतों का स्पर्श वर्जित था।
- MUST READ IT:-Review the cultural achievements of the Guptas.
- MUST READ IT:-Sources of information about the history of the Gupta dynasty.
IN ENGLISH:-
Question:
- Present the outline of social and economic life under the Guptas.
Answer:
---
The rule of the Gupta dynasty is considered very important in Indian history.
Many scholars have considered the rule of this dynasty to be the period of 'Indian
Renaissance' or 'Golden Age'. The Gupta rulers tried to establish
political unity in India again after the Mauryas (besides the Satavahanas and
Kushanas) and implemented a strong administrative system and gave shelter to
art, religion, literature, education and knowledge-science.
By establishing a huge empire on the strength of his military capability and diplomacy, the Guptas established political unity and strong governance in it. The result of this strong governance and political unity was that during the Gupta period, significant changes are seen in social and economic life. The literary and archaeological sources of the time throw light on this subject.
Social
life: --- If we talk about the social life of the Gupta
period, then at this time many important changes are seen in it, which we can
mention under the following references.
(1) Family: - Family was considered to be the basic unit of Gupta period, which represents social life. After the death of the father, the eldest son was considered the head of the family. In the family, as a parent, bride and daughter, the woman was respected and held a prominent position.
(2) Varna-system: --- Gupta society was based on the Varna-system. The society was divided into four varnas Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras. The Brahmins held the highest position in the varna system, while the second place was held by the Kshatriyas. According to Manu, a 10 year old Brahmin is superior to a 100 year old Kshatriya. Vaishya got the third place in the Varnashrama. The position of the Vaishyas declined somewhat during the Gupta period. The main reason behind this was the decline in trade and commerce in the last phase of the Gupta period. The last place in the Varnashrama system was given to the Shudra Varna. The main duty of the Shudra varna was to serve the three upper varnas. However, there was some improvement in the position of Shudras during this period. Yajnavalkya Smriti states that Shudras could have performed Panchamahayagya by using the word 'Namah' instead of 'Omkar'. Yet the condition of the Shudras was the most pathetic in the society. It is known from the account of Fahien that when the Chandalas (Shudras) entered the city, they had to come with sticks on the ground, so that the people would avoid its touch and get out of the way.
Despite
this, the varna system did not always run smoothly during the Gupta period. In
times of crisis, there was a freedom to take up other occupations other than
the prescribed occupation. According to the Shudrakakrit 'Mrichhakatikam',
a Brahmin named Charudatta used to do the work (trade-commerce) of the Vaishya
varna. The main reason behind this was that in the last phase of the Gupta
period, when trade and commerce declined, the upper caste people were allowed
to adopt the lower caste profession. Some Shudras even did military work. Thus
the bondage of the caste system was loosening.
Caste-system
and untouchability: -- Many mixed castes emerged as a
result of Anuloma and Pratiloma marriages during the Gupta period, such as
Nishad (children born from Brahmin father and Shudra mother), Chandala
(children from Shudra father and Brahmin mother) etc. New castes. The
development of the practice of land grants led to the rise of Kayasthas. The
feeling of untouchability was also there in the society during this period.
According to Fahien, there was an untouchable class in the society which was
also called Antyaj or Chandala or born out of Pratiloma marriage. They often
lived outside the settlements and used to do the most abominable work such as
cleaning the roads and streets, doing the work of cremation ground, hanging
criminals etc., the touch of the untouchables was forbidden.
Married
life: -- It is known from the Gupta periodicals that
inter-caste marriage was also prevalent at this time. Therefore, the practice
of both Anuloma and Pratiloma marriages also increased.
Status
of women: -- The status of women also declined
during the Gupta period. Evidence of child marriage, purdah system, sati system
is first obtained in this period. Prostitution and Devadasi system were also
prevalent in the society. The condition of widows in the Gupta society was very
pathetic. Wearing white clothes, he had to observe celibacy throughout his
life. However, some positive things are also known about women during this
period. Property rights were declared to women in the first Gupta period.
According to Yajnavalkya Smriti tax, in the absence of a son, the
property of a man should belong to his wife and then to her daughters.
Secondly, information about some well-educated women is also available in this
period. In Kalidasa's 'Abhijnanaskuntalam', Anusuiya has been called the
knower of history, but these positive things related to women were true only in
relation to women of higher varna, while the condition of women of lower varna
remained pathetic.
Slave
system: -- Slave system was also prevalent in the Gupta
period, however, slaves were no longer engaged in economic work but mainly in
domestic work. 15 types of slaves have been mentioned in Narada Smriti. But
during this period there was a laxity in the slavery system. Narada Smriti
mentions the rituals of slave liberation. According to Professor Ramsharan
Sharma, this happened due to the weakening of the Varna system. Religious
grants also weakened the slavery system.
Education, dress (living-style), food and drink, entertainment: -- In the Gupta period, both secular and supernatural subjects were taught. Nalanda, Banaras, Ujjain, Ballabhi etc. were the major centers of education. The dress, food and means of entertainment of the people in the Gupta society were in accordance with the present day rural life.
Thus
the position of Shudras in the Gupta society remained as pathetic as before.
The status of the woman declined. The increase in the number of mixed castes
led to an increase in social unrest. This is the reason that some historians,
in view of the above mentioned social evils, question the concept of golden age
in the context of Gupta period.
Economic
life: ---- Gupta period is considered to be a period of
all-round prosperity from economic point of view. Although there is evidence of
a decline in the economy in the last phase, yet in the initial phase there was
progress in many areas, which can be understood under the following contexts--
- Must Read It:-Describe the military achievements of Samudragupta. Why is he called the Indian Napoleon?
Agriculture and Animal Husbandry: - Economic system in Gupta period was based on land. Therefore, agriculture was the cornerstone of the economic system. The production of agriculture increased during the Gupta period. The factors motivating the development of the agricultural economy were as follows- land grant system led to expansion of cultivable land, Gupta rulers developed the means of irrigation, for example-- Sudarshan lake was renovated during the time of Skandagupta. New irrigation techniques were developed during this period. Hiuen Tsang has discussed the use of bell instrument (Rahat) and Vanabhatta has discussed the use of Libra instrument (Rahat). At this time, new tools were being made to do agriculture, that is, farming has now become based on mechanization. Along with agriculture there was also animal husbandry. Forests were protected, from where animal skin, musk, ivory, herbs, medicines etc. were obtained.
Crafts
and Industries: ---- Crafts-industries also developed during
the Gupta period. The 'category system' had a special importance in the
development of the craft industry. Different categories, associated with
different industries, played an important role in trading activities. These
autonomy (independence) and security were also provided by the king. The most
important of the crafts industry was the textile industry. Good quality cotton,
silk and woolen clothes were produced during this period. The paintings
obtained from Ajanta show a fine quality of textiles. Special types of jewelery
were also made during this period. There are 22 types of ornaments mentioned
in the Brihat Samhita. Apart from this, ivory making, sculpture, painting,
crafts, pottery making, ship building etc. were some of the other industries of
this time.
Trade-commerce:
--
During the Gupta period, there was a lot of progress in the field of
trade-commerce. The business and industries were run by categories. The 'Shrani'('grade')
was a committee of people doing a type of business. At this time the cities
were connected by long, wide roads. This made the business of doing business
easier. During this period, India's trade was done with countries like Rome,
Arabia, Central Asia, Ethiopia, China, South-East Asia etc. The items
exported in foreign trade were textiles, ivory items, spices, aromatics, etc.,
while silk from China, ivory from Ethiopia, horses from Arabia, Iran and
Bactria were imported.
But
in the last phase of the Gupta period there was a decline in trade and
commerce. Evidence of adulteration is found in the coins of later Gupta rulers.
Similarly, according to Fahian, coins were used instead of money in
commerce. Both these facts are evidence of the decline in commerce and trade.
In fact, in the last phase of the Gupta period, the emergence of feudalism
caused a setback to the internal trade and the Hun invasion and the blockade of
trade with Rome caused a setback to foreign trade.
Transport
and communication: -- The means of transport and
communication had special importance in the prosperity of trade and commerce.
In terrestrial trade, the Uttarapatha and Dakshinapatha played an important
role while in the water trade, ports like Bharuch and Tamralipti played an
important role.
Currency:
--
At this time coins were being circulated in large quantities for trade. The Gupta
rulers issued coins of gold, silver and copper. The Gupta rulers are
credited with issuing the highest number of gold coins in ancient India.
Coins found in large numbers indicate prosperity in trade and commerce, but
there is evidence of adulteration in the currencies of the later period. From
this it is inferred that the economy weakened in the last phase of the Gupta
period.
Urbanization:
--
The progress made in the areas of agriculture, craft-industry, trade-commerce,
currency etc. during the Gupta period also encouraged urbanization. During this
period, cities like Pataliputra, Ujjain, Vaishali etc. developed.
On
the basis of the above description, it can be said that in the initial phase of
the Gupta period there was unprecedented progress in the economic field, but by
the time of the last phase, we start getting the evidence of decline in the
economy.
Tags: --
Social and economic condition of the Gupta period, Crafts
and Industries in Gupta period, Trade-commerce in Gupta period, Ancienthistory.

