प्रश्न* - अकबर की मनसबदारी व्यवस्था से आप क्या समझते हैं, उसके गुण और दोषों का वर्णन कीजिए।
.jpg "Akbar's Mansabdari System.")
(¡)★ *जात रैंक ~*~ जात रैंक से किसी भी अधिकारी की श्रेणी, उसका वेतन एवं उसके अधिकारों का बोध होता था।
(¡¡)★ *सवार रैंक~*~ इसमें यह निर्धारित होता था कि वह अधिकारी अपने पास कितनी संख्या में घुड़सवार रखेगा। एक सवार रैंक का अर्थ दो घोड़े होते थे।
- Must Read:- Akabar's Religious Policy
- Must Read:- Was Akabar a National Ruler?
IN English
Mansabdari system was an important feature of the Mughal military system. Which the emperor could use at any time for any work other than military work. But this was not a new experiment for India. Rather it was the brainchild of the Caliph Abba Said, which was adopted by Genghis Khan, Timur and the Sultans of Delhi. But it was organized in a new way by Akbar during the time of Akbar, due to which the mansabdari became synonymous with the name of Akbar. Akbar Military For the system became based on this. This system of Akbar was based on the decimal system of the Mongols, but Akbar adapted it to the Indian system
Akbar integrated the three main organs of administration under the Mansabdari system - the general class (Amir), the army and the bureaucracy (civilian). That is, in the Mughal period, everyone from a minister to a small employee were called mansabdars.
In fact, Mansab is a Persian language word. Which is made from Mansif. Which literally means rank or category i.e. a term that can be divided by the number of 10.
According to Abul Fazl, there were 66 categories of the number of mansabdars, of which only 33 categories were prevalent. Generally, a caste rank between 10 and 10000 was given. As an exception, Darashikoh was given a "mansab" of 60,000 caste ranks in 1657, Mansingh. People like Aziz Kokal were given more than 10,000 caste ranks. In this system generally no more than 5000 caste ranks were given mansabdari. The division of the Mansabdari system was done on the basis of the hierarchy system, in which the Sardar below 500 was named Mansabdar, the Sardar from 500 to 2500 was named Amir-e-Azam and more than 2500 by the name "Umra". was called.
The rank of each mansabdar was expressed in two digits. The first digit was the caste rank and the second rank was the rider rank.
(¡) ★ * caste rank ~*~ caste rank used to understand the rank of any officer, his salary and his rights.
(¡¡)★ *rider rank~*~ In this it was determined that the number of cavalry that that officer would keep with him. A rider rank meant two horses.
There were three categories of Mansabdars-*
(e) the rider rank, equal to the caste rank----5000's race and 5000's rider.
(e) the rider rank, half or more than half of the caste rank---- 5000 if the rank of 2500 or more.
(e) the rider rank, less than half of the caste rank --- 5000 castes and less than 2500 riders.
In no case could the rider rank be higher than the caste rank.
In the appointment of mansabdars, Mirbakshi presented a candidate equivalent to the emperor and the emperor used to appoint it. Priority was given to khanjado (family people) in the appointment, but in this system the scope of talent was also seen. Mansabdars with lower caste ranks could get promotion and attain higher caste ranks. To make the military system better, a department named Daag-e-Mahali was established in 1575 AD, in which the royal symbol on the right hindquarters of the horse and The mansabdar's sign was marked on the left side and a military register was developed to keep the soldiers' appearance.
This system was changed for the first time during the time of Jahangir, he divided the mansabdars into three classes to increase them as riders without increasing the caste rank.
(e) *Yak / Ak Aspa-* -- Under this, the number of riders was to be kept equal to the cavalry.
(e) *Dwik/Du Aspa-* -- In this, twice the mounted soldiers had to be kept than the mansabdar.
(e) * Singh Aspa ---* had to have three times the mounted soldiers than the mansabdar riding in it.
Due to this change it became possible to increase the number of horsemen without increasing the caste number of mansabdars.
Therefore, in this way the ban imposed by Jahangir was an attempt to stop the corruption arising among the mansabdars, as the mansabdar used to get a jat rank salary of 5000, now he had to keep 20,000 soldiers in the same expenditure, so that the money left with him He will spend from his heart.
Shahenshah added a new thing in this system " * Mahana Salary System " * Under this, the Mansabdars were paid only 6, 8, or 10 months salary without giving the salary of the whole year and in the same proportion the number of their horsemen decreased. Was done.
In order to increase the number of mansabdars at the time of war, Aurangzeb had increased the number of sawar mansabdars in comparison to the caste mansab, which was called "Mashrut Mansab".
During Akbar's time, Rajputs were at the top of all mansabdars except the Mughal princes. During Akbar's time only 9% of the total mansabdars were Hindus and 75% of the total mansabdars were descendants of foreign immigrants. At the time of Akbar's death, the total number of mansabdars was The number was 1600. At the time of Aurangzeb, 33% of the total mansabdars were Hindus, and at the time of Aurangzeb's death the total number of mansabdars was 14,149.
★★ * Benefits of Mansabdari system * * Advantages of Mansabdari system =* = Akbar benefited from the Mansabdari system that the central authority did not need money and attention for the military system, and in the empire a large army was formed from the post of Mansabdars. The work of construction and its training became possible. Due to which the rebellious activities could be curbed in the remote parts of the empire, as a result of which the empire expanded and peace was maintained, trade and commerce, art, literature, painting, and music etc. in this peace. Made a significant contribution to the development of During Akbar's time, revenue was collected from the mansabdars' jagirs for the central employees, due to which the Mughal people could escape the misadventures of the military administration and the exploitation caused by them. Thus absent zamindari could not arise in the empire, nor were the mansabdars allowed to become wealthy enough to challenge the central authority like the erstwhile amirs.
★ *★Defects of Mansabdari system:- were held responsible for this. Therefore, loyalty in the army was only towards the mansabdars and not towards the central authority.
Uniformity in the army such as war, training, salary distribution, weapons, uniforms and other amenities were also found to have a big difference because the mansabdar used to swallow the central aid and somehow provide living facilities to the soldiers. The special quality of Munsabdari was its camp system. But there was no restriction on the arrival of Rakhloos, Vaisyas, and slaves in the camps, which broke the Mughal economy and increased the Mughal conspiracy. As a result, an atmosphere of hatred, mistrust and bitterness was created among the mansabdars, in such a situation, during the days of war, each other started refusing to work against each other and under each other's leadership. The development of infantry and navy was not emphasized in the Mansabdari system. This is the reason why Kandahar passed out from the hands of the Mughal army due to the lack of infantry. Swaroop Mansabdar also became the suction pump of the people.