NOTE:- ENGLISH AND HINDI LANGUAGE:-
प्रश्न-- सिंहासन पर बैठने के पश्चात हुमायूँ को किन-किन कठिनाइयो का सामना करना पड़ा?
अथवा
हुमायूँ की कठिनाइयों का
वर्णन कीजिए। उसकी
असफलता के क्या कारण थे?
अथवा
"हुमायूँ
जीवन भर ठोकरे खाता रहा और अंत मे ठोकर खाकर
ही मर गया।" इस कथन की व्याख्या कीजिए।
अथवा
हुमायूँ के चरित्र एवं
व्यक्तित्व का आलोचनात्मक मूल्यांकन कीजिए। अपने दुर्भाग्य के लिए वह स्वयं कहा तक
उत्तरदायी था।
अथवा
हुमायूँ के पतन के कारणों
का वर्णन कीजिए।
Dr Om Prakash Singh
- Must Read It:- Biography and achievements of Humayun.
IN ENGLISH:-
Describe the difficulties of Humayun. What were the reasons for his failure?
Or
"Humayun stumbled throughout his life and died after stumbling in the end." Explain this statement.
Or
Critically evaluate the character and personality of Humayun. To what extent he himself was responsible for his misfortune.
Or
Describe the reasons for the fall of Humayun.
Answer---- After the death of Babur in 1530 AD, his eldest son Humayun was sitting on the throne on 30 December 1530 AD. It was a time of crisis for the Mughals. The Afghans in the east were being reorganized under the leadership of Sher Shah and their desire to acquire the sultanate was increasing. In the south, the ruler of Gujarat, Bahadur Shah was extremely ambitious. Apart from these troubles, Humayun also had ambitious Mirza and jealous brothers, who were creating trouble for him. From 1530 to 1540, Humayun faced these problems with great courage and patience, but due to being defeated by Sher Shah in 1540 AD, he had to leave India and spent 15 years of his life abroad. Humayun conquered India again in 1555 AD and after that he died in 1556 AD.
Humayun's difficulties
It is right to say that "Humayun found the state throne of Delhi in the form of a bed of thorns". As soon as he ascended the throne, he had to face many difficulties. He had the following difficulties-
1 * Achievement of unorganized empire ---- Humayun became the successor of a huge empire. The condition of organization and administration in the empire that Babur had established was very weak. Because Babur was busy with his conquests, he did not get the opportunity to organize the newly conquered vast empire, due to which there were signs of chaos all around under the empire. Many powerful chieftains under the empire were waiting for the auspicious occasion to establish their independent power.
2* The division of the empire among brothers----- Humayun divided the empire among his brothers according to the orders of his father. He gave Kabul and Kandahar to Kamran, Sambhal to Askari and Alwar to Hindal. Humayun had to fight even with these brothers. In this Kamran proved to be very dangerous for Humayun. His eyes were on the Delhi throne. Askari and Hindal were also very quarrelsome, rowdy and ambitious. Such division of the empire became a cause of misfortune for Humayun.
3* Problem of Afghans ---- Afghans also proved to be enemies for Humayun. Babur did suppress the Afghans, but he could not eliminate them completely. Ibrahim Lodi's brother Mahmud Lodi was trying to organize Afghan power and establish Afghan kingdom again in India. Sher Khan defeated Humayun in the battles of Chausa and Kannauj and forced him to leave India.
4* Relatives' Relatives ---- Humayun's strongest enemies turned out to be his own relatives. The most prominent of these relatives was Muhammad Jamal Mirza, who was the husband of Humayun's half-sister Masuma Begum, who also wanted to assert his authority over Delhi. Similarly some other chieftains were also busy in conspiracies against Humayun.
5 * Empty treasury ---- the money that Babur had received at the time of conquest of India, he wasted it. He distributed money openly to please his chieftains and soldiers. As a result, the treasury became empty. He did not pay any attention to the fact that the stability of the empire depended only on the strengthening of the economic condition. Humayun also did not try to fill the empty treasury, but he also wasted money, for which he had to bear the sad consequences.
6 * Weaknesses of Humayun's character --- Humayun had many weaknesses in his character, due to which he himself was his own worst enemy. According to Dr. Ashirwadi Lal, "Despite having intellectual ability and interest towards literature, he lacked military talent and will power. At the same time he was not an active man. He was also zero in deciding something quickly and implementing it quickly. " Actually Humayun was very unlucky. He kept on stumbling all his life and could not survive even after stumbling.
*Causes of Humayun's failure*
The circumstances which forced Humayun to leave his native state. Most of them were his own idiosyncrasies and weaknesses. Undoubtedly his life is a sad story full of failures. The reasons for Humayun's failures can be described in the following contexts.
1* Betrayal by brothers and relatives ----- Humayun believed in his brothers and relatives. His strongest enemy was his own brother Kamran, who betrayed him till the end, and Humayun always forgave him. When Kamran was taken prisoner for the last time, when his chieftains requested him to kill him, he said, "My intellect obeys you but my heart does not." And he refused to kill her. His relative Mirzas also revolted and took refuge in Bahadushah, the ruler of Gujarat, and encouraged him to attack Delhi.
2 * Allowing the power of Bahadur Shah and Sher Khan to grow ---- Humayun was unaware that such an alliance had been formed between Bahadur Shah and Sher Khan that if Humayun campaigned against one, the other would try to divert his attention. will raise the flag of rebellion. At the time of Chunar's attack, making a treaty with Sher Khan and not giving timely help to Queen Karnavati is a clear symbol of her weaknesses. He did not use full power on either side, nor could he suppress them and gave a chance to increase the power of both, which was his biggest mistake.
3* wastage (dissipation /extravagance ) ------- On the one hand Humayun's treasury was empty, yet he did not mind to loot the money. His life was very luxurious, after small victories he used to spend money in festivals. After the victory of Kalinjar, he spent money openly. While returning from Chunar, he kept on celebrating happiness for two months in Gwalior.
4* Repetition of mistake----- He continued to forgive his brother Kamran despite his constant betrayal. After being deceived by Sher Shah in the battle of Chausa, he made a huge mistake in the battle of Kanauj. He preferred a low place to establish a military camp and remained inactive for a month, did not make good arrangements while moving the camp to another place, left behind a team of cannonballs and did not stop the soldiers running away in fear etc. It is responsible for his failure, defeat and and finally his escape from India.
5 * Misuse of Time ---- One of the main reasons for Humayun's failure was that he never made proper use of time, but was absorbed in fun in important times. This is what he did in Gujarat and Gaur. Similarly, he wasted 6-7 months in the victory of Chunargarh. This time he could have used to completely suppress Sher Shah. Dr. Ashirwadi Lal has rightly written "Can a ruler be imagined who could not get any news from his capital for eight whole months and kept thinking that all is well there."
6* Humayun himself responsible------ Humayun did not have the ability to work hard. Whenever he got success in war, he happily forgetting himself and spending time in pleasure, he did the same in Gujarat and Gaur. Havel wrote "He was superstitious and acted according to the advice of astrologers, but still the constellations always remained opposite to him."
It is clear from the above reasons that Humayun failed due to various kinds of difficulties and weaknesses. This unfortunate emperor kept on stumbling throughout his life and died after stumbling.
*Humayun's Character*
The literal meaning of Humayun is "lucky" but the unfortunate emperor like him probably did not sit on the throne of Delhi, he had many qualities. But many weaknesses of his character cover up his qualities. His character can be described under the following headings-----
1 * As a person ------ Humayun's personality was attractive and impressive despite being sad. His generosity, kindness and humanity impress. He was cultured and educated like his father. Apart from Turkish and Persian language, he was also interested in mathematics, geography, astrology, Muslim theology etc. He was an obedient son, an affectionate relative and a loving husband and father. He was generous to his soldiers and chieftains. Participated in their successes and failures. His behavior towards everyone was very sweet and cultured.
2 * Religious policy (as a true Muslim) ------- He had full faith in religion, but he was not a fanatic. For the fulfillment of his political objectives, he made a treaty with the Shia ruler of Iran and accepted the condition of persuading and spreading Shia religion. His wife Hamida Banu Begum and his chief advisor and supporter Bairam Khan were Shias. No doubt he destroyed Hindu temples on the occasion of war, but his policy towards Hindus cannot be said to be bitter.
3* As a ruler ---- Humayun cannot be considered a qualified ruler among the medieval rulers. He lacked the ability and talent to do creative work like his father. He did not try to establish a strong governance system and did not make any improvement in the moral, social, and economic condition of the people of that time. Some scholars are of the opinion that due to lack of time, he could not establish any good governance system, but this opinion is far from the truth. Sher Shah had established a well-ordered system of governance in only five years, whereas Humayun ruled for ten years before being exiled. The truth is that he did not have the ability to establish a well-organized (organised) governance system.
4 * Generosity ---- If seen, generosity is a great quality of character, but in the circumstances in which Humayun was, generosity was fatal for him. He had the unusual quality of being liberal and this was his greatest weakness, due to which defeats, rebellions and anarchy prevailed during his reign. Fear is the mainstay of administration. The statement of Prof. S. R. Sharma is justified that "The empire could not stand on such a weak foundation." So the Afghans got an opportunity to establish their power. Bhagya supported Humayun in the last phase and he was successful in regaining the kingdom of Hindustan. And his son Akbar became the great emperor of Hindustan. His character evokes sympathy and kindness. He suffered a lifetime of misfortune and, according to Lenpool, stumbled to death.
On the basis of the above discussion, it can be said that Humayun had inherited the difficulties, which he faced with strong courage and constant efforts. Due to his generosity and tolerance, he also had to face many problems. For this reason Humayun's character, his strengths, his successes and failures all together form an attitude of sympathy towards Humayun and that is why historians call him "unfortunate"(Bhagyhin) Humayun.
TAGS:- Humayun's difficulties, Humayun's Character, Causes of Humayun's failure, Medievalhistory.
