NOTE:- ENGLISH AND HINDI LANGUAGE:-
प्रश्न--- मुगल काल मे चित्रकला के उदय एवं विकास का वर्णन कीजिये।
Dr Om Prakash Singh
- Must Read It:- मुगल काल मे फ़ारसी साहित्य का विकास
IN ENGLISH:-
Question--Describe the rise and development of painting during the Mughal period.
Answer----Mungalo has made a special contribution in the field of painting. He introduced new subjects related to court, hunting, and battle scenes and introduced new colors and shapes. He laid the foundation of such a vibrant tradition of painting, which survived in different parts of the country even after the decline of the Mughal Empire. One of the main reasons for the prosperity of this style was that India had a very old tradition of painting.
Rise and Development of Mughal Painting------- The style of painting that the Mughals laid in India, developed into such an advanced and powerful art movement, which in the later medieval era, the current of the history of Indian art. Only changed. Babur was the founder of the Mughal Empire in India, and he himself was a person of artistic interest, yet there is no evidence that he was also the originator of Mughal painting. He hasn't got the time. The famous Persian painter Bihajat probably came to India during the time of Babur. Because in "Tuzuk-e-Babri" the name of the only painter Bihajat is found. Babur has called it the leading painter.
Humayun ---- The credit for giving birth to a distinctive style of painting can be given to Babur's son Humayun. When Humayun was living in exile for some years in Persia and Afghanistan, he laid the foundation of Mughal painting. It was in Persia that Humayun met two of its greatest artists, Mir Sayyid Ali and Khwaja Abdur Samad. Humayun took the services of these two artists in his temporary capital Kabul. Some of the works made by Abdur Samad at this time have been compiled in Jahangir's “Gulshan” Chitravali. While coming back to India in 1555-56, Humayun brought these two artists to Delhi. Together they founded an advanced art organization for Akbar.
Akbar ---- Although Akbar was not very educated, but he had a special interest in the field of art and literature. Akbar patronized and encouraged qualified and skilled painters. Akbar had painted many books. "Hamznama" is the first important work of the Mughal painting, it is also called "Dastane-Amir-Hamzna". Hamznama has a total collection of 1200 paintings. Besides Mir Sayyid Ali and Abdur Samad, Abul Fazl mentions 15 painters in Ain-a-Akbari. Those who were related to Akbar's court. Some of the main painters of Akbar's court such as- Daswant, Basavan, Keshav, Mukund, Farukh, Kalmak, Mishkin, Madhojgan, Mahesh Khemkaran, Tara, Sawal, Harivansh, and Ram. Akbar made Daswant the first leading painter of the empire. The paintings made by Daswant are found in a manuscript called "Rajmanama". Its two other works are "Khan-Dane-Taimuria" and "Tutinama". The Rajmanama manuscript is considered a milestone in the history of Mughal painting.
Basavan had mastery in all areas of painting, drawing, use of colors, image painting, depiction of landscapes etc. That is why it is considered the best painter of Akbar's time. Basavan's masterpiece was "The portrait of Majnu with a slender horse wandering in a deserted and desolate area". For the first time, mural painting was started during the time of Akbar.
Jahangir---- Jahangir was not only interested in painting, but he was also a skilled painter. He established a painting workshop under the leadership of Agarza of Herat for the development of painting. And gave shelter to many painters. Among the prominent painters of Jahangir's time were Farukh Vaid, Daulat, Manohar, Bisandas, Mansoor, Abul Hasan etc. According to Percy Brown, "The idea of establishing Mughal painting came in Akbar's mind and Jahangir collected the material to bring it into a form" Jahangir made the painting progressive by encouraging skilled painters. He now started seeing reality. The painting style of this period increased in detail more than the style of Akbar's period. In the paintings of this period, various types of scenes like hunting and image pictures and natural scenes etc. started being depicted. Jahangir was a beauty-loving emperor, so he got various forms of nature depicted. Which his skilled painters presented a very natural depiction. In the paintings of this period, along with the reality, the vitality is also clearly visible. The painters have tried to show light and shadow in their paintings. Which introduces the subtle vision of those painters. Various colors have been used with great care and skill to adorn and embellish these paintings. Thus Mughal painting reached its zenith during the period of Jahangir. Due to which Jahangir's period is called the "Golden Age of Mughal Painting".
Shah Jahan ---- Shah Jahan's interest was more in the field of architecture. But still he continued his father's traditions in the field of painting. There were many skilled painters in his court, who were skilled in various fields of painting. Among them Muhammad Fakirullah was the most prominent painter. In whose hands was the work of the painting institution and Mir Hashim was its assistant. He was also the main painter of this period. Apart from the emperor, the names of Prince Darashikoh and lawyer Asaf Khan are notable among other patrons of painting.
Many changes are visible in the painting of this period. First, it lacks naturalness and openness. There was naturalness in the paintings of Jahangir's period, but in the paintings of this period there was resemblance instead of naturalness. Secondly, due to more flair in these pictures, artificiality came. Thirdly, in this period beautiful painting of the border was developed, without which the painting was not considered complete in this period. Sometimes the plan of beautiful paintings of flowers was presented on these towers, but the figures of other small animals and birds have also been beautifully depicted.
Aurangzeb ---- Due to the lack of interest in Aurangzeb's painting, the painters stopped getting state patronage and encouragement during his time. Therefore, many court painters now either took refuge with the rich or went to the markets. They now used to make pictures of public interest and sell them in the markets. Therefore, painting now came out of the court and reached the general public. Apart from this, many painters took refuge in other states. Thus, during the reign of Aurangzeb, the decline of Mughal painting began and neither the subtlety of Jahangir's reign nor the glory of Shah Jahan's period remained in it.
Based on the above descriptions, it can be said that Mughal painting developed independently. This Mughal painting developed due to the harmony of Iranian and Rajput art. This art assimilated the Indian atmosphere, became a part of the art of India. Compared to Iranian painting, Mughal colorful and miniature paintings are more characteristic, with beautiful shadows in the pictures, depicting the plan scenes efficiently, in the background plan of the pictures, the depiction of the scenery of the trees and the ground, etc. is more beautiful. has happened since. Mughal painters were nature lovers and because of their appreciation of nature, their paintings could achieve more success.
TAGS:- Rise and development of painting during the Mughal period. Medievalhistory
