मुगल काल मे फ़ारसी साहित्य का विकास*
Dr. Om Prakash Singh, Assistant Professor, Deptt of History, Government P.G CollegeThakurdwara, Moradabad (U.P) India.
IN ENGLISH:-
Development of Persian literature during the Mughal period
The development of the Persian language in India took place under the Indian language and dialects. Lahore was an important center for the development of Persian literature in India. In the court of Masood Shah (1030 AD-1040 AD), the first Persian poet was Abdullah Rujbeh in Lahore. After that the poet Abdul Faraj Rumi became famous. According to Abdul Ghani, the Persian language originated in our country under the influence of Hindi and local Prakrit. It was the language of the rich from the beginning to the upper classes, by whom the Persian language was adequately protected. This literature was enriched by saints, poets, philosophers etc.
After the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate, the Persian language was given the status of the official language. Thus the spread of Persian language started increasing in Delhi and its surrounding places. The Sultans of Delhi, the Amirs, the Muslim rulers and the upper class people of the province encouraged and patronized Persian literature. From Qutbuddin Aibak to Sikandar Lodi, there was a gathering of Persian writers, poets, philosophers, scholars in the court of every Sultan.
The establishment of the Mughal period in India led to the development of Persian literature. All the rulers of Timur's descendants were scholars and propagated learning. The development of Persian literature under the Mughal period can be mentioned in this way.
Babur--- Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire, was a born poet of Turkish and Persian and a writer of high order. Dr. Zafar also agrees with him that the first ruler of the Mughal dynasty was himself a scholar and lover of learning. Tuzuk-e-Babri/Baburnama (Memories of Babur) by Babur is a work written in mother tongue Turkish. This book is not complete in itself, Babur has not described the events between 1508-1519 AD, 1520-1525 AD and 1529-1530 AD, but even then it is an invaluable book. It was translated into Persian (Persian language) four times during the Mughal period itself. It was translated by Zain Khan and Payanda Hasan during Humayun's reign, Abdurrahim Khan-Khana during Akbar's time, and Mir Abu Talib Turbati during Shah Jahan's time. It has also been translated into various European languages, mainly French and English. The best translation of these is Mrs. Beveridge's translation into English, which has been done from the original Turkish language. It is known from Tuzuk-i-Babri that Babur was more attached to nature, he was also a nature lover. He also developed a new poetic style "Mubayan" in Persian. Many poets and historians from Central Asia also came to India with Babur. Notable among the poets were Nadir Samarkandi, Abdul Wahid Fariji, Tahir Khwadi. Mirza Haider Doglat and Zain-ul-Abdin Khwafi were famous among historians. The famous book "Tarikh-e-Rashidi" was composed by Mirza Haider Doglat. Maulana Abdul Rahman Jani was also a great mystic poet and a great comic poet of the Persian language. Suleiman Shah, who was also Babur's cousin, wrote many poems in Turkish and Persian. Sultan Ismail Adilshah also wrote many poems. Sheikh Zainuddin Mulla Sahib, Khwandamir etc. were also poets of high order. Babur's daughter Gulbadan Begum herself was a writer of high order and she composed "Humayunnama". Apart from political events, details of social customs are found in this book. Begum has described in detail the life of Humayun, his battles, his sorrows and troubles etc.
Humayun ---- Babur's son Humayun may have failed in his political plans but he was a cultured scholar and he used to give due respect to all poets, philosophers, saints, Mahatmas in his court. He had special interest in Geography and Astronomy. He was so fond of books that he carried a library with him even during his war travels. Humayun gave refuge to many scholars in his court. Humayun himself wrote the Masnavi and Rubaiyaan and he created a Diwan by the name of Humayun. Humayun also patronized and encouraged Khwandamir (Khondmir) who composed "Kanun-e-Humayun". Kanoon-e-Humayuni is a contemporary text of Humayun's period. The events narrated by the author in this book were his own eyes. Hence his statement is credible. A wonderful description of Humayun's governance system is found in this composition. Humayun's principles, his experience related to governance and the rituals of the new court which the author himself witnessed, have been described in detail.
Shaikh Aman Ulla Panipati wrote the Kasidas and his poetry was sweet and simple. Shaikh Abdul Wahid Vilgrami was a poet of Hindi and Persian like the court poet Gadayi. He also had a special interest in Ghazals. Muhammad-ibn-e-Ashrafal Hussaini composed "Jawahirnama-e-Humayuni" in 22 chapters. Mir Ala-ud-Daulah Kajvini composed a major historical treatise "Nafayis-ul-Masir". Jauhar Aftawchi composed"Tajkiratul Vakayat". Jauhar was Humayun's old servant and was with him in good and bad times. Bayazid Bayat composed "Tajkira-i-Humayun" on the request of Akbar. Maulana Jamin Vilgrami wrote Masnavi and Kasida. Humayun himself composed some verses. Humayun also had good knowledge of Turkish, Persian, literature, philosophy, astrology, mathematics etc. Mirza Haider Doglat, who himself was present in the battle of Bilgram (Battle of Kannauj) who was also a fan of Humayun, wrote "Tarikh-e-Rasidi". Abbas Khan Sarwani composed "Tarikh-e-Shershahi", which is basically the history of the Sur dynasty, but some descriptions of the Lodis are also found in it. The author begins by referring to his book Bahlol Lodi. The early part is not as impressive as the later part of 1538. The battle of Bilgram is described in great detail in the battles of Chausa. The account of the escape of the Munglows and the pursuit of them by Sher Shah is given in brief. Ahmed Yadgar composed "Tarikh-e-Shahi". The book starts from the time of Bahlol Lodi and ends with the murder of Hemu. This book was completed in the period of Jahangir around 1614 AD. Mrs Waveridge has said of this book that "the most important part of this book is the description of the last two years of Babur, this part fills the gaps found in the Baburnama".
Akbar --- Akbar's reign in the history of medieval India was a period of revival of civilization and culture. The opinion of Dr. Ishwari Prasad also seems to be expedient in this context, he writes, “The reign of Akbar is considered to be the golden age of Hindu-Muslim art and literature. During this period, the unique talent of Hindus and Muslims reached the highest peak and enriched the literature store, which any country can be proud of. respected equally. Emperor Akbar was religious tolerant, liberal and knowledge-loving. Many Persian scholars came to India who adorned the court of Akbar. During the reign of Akbar, Persian literature developed more.
It had become a tradition of this era that people used to leave behind a collection of letters, which were considered ideal from the point of view of literary style. A compilation of letters from Abul Fazl and other writers has been found, which throws light on the progress of Persian literature during the reign of Akbar. There were many poets, writers, scholars, artists and historians in Akbar's court. The most famous writer of this period was Abul Fazl, he was also a poet, essayist, critic, historian and litterateur. He was a skilled prose writer in whom various types of knowledge were accumulated. Abul Fazl, who wrote in his famous work "Ain-e-Akbari" that thousands of poets were present in the court. Many of whom had completed the Diwan. Or the masnavis were composed. Abul Fazl has mentioned 59 poets of high order in the Ain-i-Akbari. In which Sheikh Abul Faiz Faizi was the best state poet of Akbar. Faizi was the best Persian poet in India after Khushro.Which was honored by Emperor Akbar with the title of Malik-us-Shoara.
During the reign of Akbar, many high quality works were also done in the field of prose, in which many texts were also written on history. Mulla Dawood composed "Tarikh-e-Alfi". Abul Fazl composed his famous texts "Akbarnama" and "Ain-e-Akbari". According to Blachman, Abul Fazl was the best scholar of his era. Nizamuddin Ahmed's “Tabkat-e-Akbari,” by Jauhar, “Tajkirat-ul-Waqayat” is an important treatise. The famous scholar Abdul Qadir Badayuni composed "Muntakhab-ul-Tawarikh" which was published during the period of Jahangir. Ahmed Yadgar wrote “Tarikh-e-Salatin-e-Afgana”, Muhammad Qasim Hindushah wrote “Tarikh-e-Farishta”, Nurulhaq wrote “Jabdat-ut, Tawarikh”, Asadweg wrote “Vakayat” etc. Sheikh Abdul Haq composed "Tarikh-i-Hakiqi" which is a history from the Sultans of the Muslim slave dynasty to the time of Akbar. Muhammad Abdul Waki's work "Masir-e-Rahimi" is a detailed history of important events of the emperor's reign.
Jahangir----- Persian literature continued to flourish during the reign of Akbar's successors. During Jahangir's time also, Persian literature progressed more. Jahangir himself was a scholar and critic. He himself wrote his autobiography and named it "Tuzuk-e-Jahangiri". In this autobiography, the events of 17 years of his reign are mentioned. Motmid Khan continued to write it over time as per Jahangir's orders and this autobiography gives a realistic depiction of Jahangir's daily life. According to Dr. Beni Prasad, Motmid Khan wrote the history of Jahangir's reign from the 17th year to the 19th year. There is no actual mention of the details of some events like rebellion against his father, killing of Sher Afghan, Nur Jahan's marriage to Jahangir, Khushro's death etc.
Jahangir was not equal to his great father in intelligence and character. But he was not without literary interest either. He was educated under well qualified scholars like Maulana Mirkalan Muhaddis and Mirza Abdurrahim. He had good knowledge of Persian, he was also well acquainted with Turkey. He was a literary lover of a high order and encouraged the progress of literature in his court. Elliot and Dawson have written that Jahangir's Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri is a very important and enjoyable work. Jahangir is fully responsible for its creation. His autobiography ranks after Baburnama in terms of candor, conciseness, and liveliness of style. During this period, Motmid Khan composed the famous book "Iqbalnama-e-Jahangiri", which is the primary source of the history of Jahangir's reign. Commentaries were written on the Qur'an during the reign of Jahangir and there was more progress in poetry. Among the poet gems in Jahangir's court, Mirza Ghiyas Weg, Motmid Khan, Niyamat Ulla Khan, Naziri, Naqib Khan, Abdul Haq Dehlvi were more famous, who were scholars of a high order.
Shah Jahan ----- Shah Jahan also adopted the policy of patronizing and encouraging scholars. Dr. Banarasi Prasad Saxena has also confirmed this. He writes that Shah Jahan also patronized many scholars, writers and poets during his reign. In this tradition he imitated his ancestors. In the court of Shah Jahan, Kalim was appointed as a poet. Chandrabhan Brahmin, Haji Mohammad Jan, Abu Talib Kalim etc. were among the well-known poets. Abu Talib Kalim, a poet of a high order in the court, composed the Sakinama and the Masnavis and the Qasidas. There was more development of writing qasida during the period of Shah Jahan. Sadai Gilani was a Persian poet during this period. Amin Kajnivi composed "Badshahnama" which is a simple and beautifully written composition. The court poet Abdul Hameed Lahori also composed the "Badshahnama" which merges the two parts. Jalaluddin Tawatvi (Turbati) wrote the second "Badshahnama" which is not very important. Inayat Khan composed “Shah Jahannama” and Mohammad Sahel Khambu composed “Amal-e Sahel”.
Shah Jahan's eldest son Darashikoh was also a literary lover and scholar of a high order. He had good knowledge of Persian, Arabic and Sanskrit. He composed many treatises on Sufi philosophy and wrote biographies of Muslim saints. Darashikoh composed “Majm-ul-Bahreen” “Safinat-ul-Auliya”,“Sakinat-al-Auliya”etc. Darashikoh translated the Bhagavad Gita, Upanishads, Yogavasistha etc. into Persian. Many poets came from Persia during the reign of Shah Jahan. Many Sanskrit texts were also translated into Persian under the supervision of Darashikoh.
Aurangzeb --- During the reign of Aurangzeb, Persian literature progressed immensely. Aurangzeb was a good scholar of jurisprudence and theology. Dr. Ishwari Prasad has written in support of this that Aurangzeb, despite being a fanatic Sunni, was a scholar of a high order and was well-versed in theology and Islamic jurisprudence. Aurangzeb was not particularly interested in poetry, but he himself wrote poems in Persian, during the reign of Aurangzeb, about 45 poets were patronized. Aurangzeb's daughter Jaibunnisa was herself a poet and she also patronized and encouraged writers. His "Diwan-i-Maroofi" itself indicates his poetic features. Aurangzeb was not interested in poetry, so he was against writing the history of his era. But due to lack of encouragement and patronage from him, many important books were composed in his era. Khafi Khan composed "Mantakhab-ul-Lubaw", Mirza Mohammad Kazim wrote "Alamgirnama", Saki Mustad Khan wrote "Masir-e-Alamgiri", Ishwardas Nagar "Fatuhat-e-Alamgiri" and Bhimsen Kayastha.“Nuskh-e-Dilkusha”, Sujnaray Bhandari composed “Khulasat-ut-Tawarikh”. During the reign of Aurangzeb, a great book of Muslim law "Fatba-e-Alamgiri" was composed. This was a book of the highest order of law, which was completed by a group of Muslim Ulema with tireless work. Due to the poetic characteristics of Akil Khan Raji and Khafi Khan, he got more respect in the court.
Translation of important books in Persian language------
The Mughal emperor Akbar established the translation department. Many works of Sanskrit, Arabic, Turkish, and Greek languages were translated into Persian in this department. Persian was the official language of the Mughals.
--Badayuni, Naqib Khan translated Mahabharata into Persian language with the name Rajmanama.
--Ramayana was translated into Persian in 1589 by Abdul Qadir Badauni and Naqib Khan.
--The famous texts of astrology, Tajak and Tuzuk, were translated into Persian by Muhammad Khan Gujrati under the name Jahan-e-Zafar.
--The Panchatantra was translated into Persian by Abul Fazl under the name Anwar-e-Sadat and by Maulana Hussain Faiz as Yar-Danish.
--Atharvaveda was translated into Persian by Haji Ibrahim Sirhindi.
--Kalia Daman was translated into Persian by Abul Fazl under the name Aygar Danish.
--Rajatarangini was translated into Persian by Maulana Shera.
--Faizi translated the mathematics book Lilavati into Persian.
--Todarmal translated the Bhagwat Purana into Persian.
--Faizi translated Naldamayanti into Persian.
--Sinhasan Battisi was translated into Persian by Abdul Qadir Badauni.
---The book of Geography written in Arabic language, Muzam-ul-Buldan, was translated into Persian by Mulla Ahmad Tatwi, Qasim Weg and Sheikh Munawwar.
-Allopanishad-- To inculcate the feeling of brotherhood and respect among Hindus towards Islam, Akbar got this book composed by Faizi.
Contribution of Mughal women in the development of Persian language---
The contributions made in the literary works of Mughal princesses cannot be forgotten. Babur's daughter Gulbadan Begum was a cultured woman. The one who composed the Humayunnama (which I have already mentioned, which is still the authentic history of Humayun's reign.) Sultana Salima who was the daughter of Humayun's sister Gulrukh, Maham Anga, Nur Jahan, Mumtaz Mahal, and Jahanara Begum also cultured were women, and displayed a special interest in literature and art. Aurangzeb's daughter Jaibunnisa was a talented poetess. Who had extraordinary speed in Arabic and Persian. He composed "Diwan-e-Maroofi", which gives an easy introduction to his extraordinary talent.
Aurangzeb's successor---- Aurangzeb's successors also continued to patronize and encourage Persian literature. During the reign of Muhammad Shah Rangeela (713-1748 AD), the Persian language continued to get royalty. But the rulers who came after Mohammad Shah were not themselves skilled in speaking and understanding Persian and they started taking interest in Urdu instead of Persian and Urdu got the place of Persian easily. But in the 18th century both Hindus and Muslims wrote more books in Persian, in which some books were on Sufi sect and some on history, but their literary importance was not much. Historical books continued to be written in Persian as well. At first, they continued to receive patronage and help from the local dynasties, and later the officers and governors of the East India Company also assisted. The major historical texts in this era include "Tawarikh-e-Muzaffari" by Mohammad Ali Ansari, "Tawarikh-e-Chahar Gulzare Shujai" by Haricharandas, "Sirul Mutakhreen" by Ghulam Hussain, "Imadus-Saadat" by Ghulam Ali Naqvi. Notable are "Madan-us-Sadat" by Sultan Ali Safavi, "Ibartnama" by Khairuddin and "Hadikul Akalim" by Murtaza Hussain Vilgrami.
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