NOTE:--- ENGLISH AND HINDI LANGUAGE:-
प्रश्न--- गुप्तो की सांस्कृतिक उपलब्धियों की समीक्षा करें।
अथवागुप्तो के अधीन धर्म, साहित्य और ललित कलाओं के विकास का वर्णन कीजिए तथा गुप्त कालीन कला से मौर्य कालीन कला की तुलना कीजिए।
Dr. Om Prakash Singh, Assistant Professor, Deptt of History, Government P.G CollegeThakurdwara, Moradabad (U.P) India.
- Must Read It:-गुप्त राजवंश के इतिहास की जानकारी के स्रोत
Question--
Review the cultural achievements of the Guptas.
Or
Describe
the development of religion, literature and fine arts under the Guptas and
compare the art of the Mauryan period with the art of the Gupta period.
Answer:
---
The rule of the Gupta dynasty is considered very important in Indian history.
Gupta established a huge empire on the strength of his military capability and
diplomacy and established political unity and strong governance in it. The
result of this strong governance and political unity was that during the Gupta
period there was tremendous progress in the fields of religion, art,
literature, and science. Therefore, many scholars have considered the Gupta
period as the period of 'Hindu-Renaissance' or 'Golden Age'.
We
can express the progress made in various fields under the Gupta rulers under
the following references--
Religion:
----
It is generally believed that the Gupta emperors were worshipers of Vishnu
because the Gupta emperors called themselves "Param Bhagavata", and
carved the figures of Garuna, Shanka, Chakra, Gada and Lakshmi on their coins.
The idols of Vishnu and Narayan, the Garuna Dhwaja and the temple belong to
this period. Vishnu is depicted in many avatars. In an inscription (Gangadhara
inscription) of the Gupta period, Vishnu has been called Madhusudhan. The
Junagadh inscription of Skandagupta begins with the praise of Vishnu. It is
clear from all these facts that the Gupta rulers were followers of Vishnu. At
this time Vaishnavism spread to all of India besides South-East Asia,
Indochina, Cambodia, Malaya and Indonesia.
In
the Gupta period, apart from Vaishnavism, worship of Shiva, Surya worship, Nag,
Yaksha, Durga, Ganga-Yamuna etc. But Vaishnavism was more popular in North
India. Temples were the center of worship at that time. Many temples of this
era still exist today. Apart from Hindu gods and goddesses, the number of
people who believe in Buddhism and Jainism was also very high.
That
is why there was neither Vaishnavism nor Shiva religion in the Gupta society,
but different religions were believed in that period. Many foreigners had
adopted Hinduism during this period. Hinduism was widely spread in various
islands (countries) of South-East Asia like Java, Sumatra, Borneo etc.
Literature:
----Unprecedented
development is also seen in the field of literature during the Gupta period. At
this time, the Sanskrit language had reached its climax, not only this, but
this language has come to the position of the official language. This language
started being used in currency and inscriptions. Kalidas was a famous scholar
of Sanskrit at this time. The Gupta rulers themselves were lovers of Sanskrit
language and literature. He provided patronage to worthy poets, litterateurs
and writers. Prayag Prashasti refers to Samudragupta as "Kaviraj".
Harishena was the general and foreign secretary of Emperor Samudragupta, his
famous work is 'Prayag Prashasti'. Half of it is in prose and half in verse.
Thus this Champu is a beautiful example of poetry. Virasen was the war
secretary of Chandragupta II, his work is 'Udayagiri Guhalekh'. Similarly,
Vatsabhatti was the court poet of Kumaragupta I, who was a great Sanskrit
scholar, who composed the 'Mandsaur Prashasti'. Kalidas is called Shakespeare
of this era. He composed poems like Ritusanhar, Meghdoot, Kumarasambhava,
Raghuvansh and Abhijnanshakuntalam is considered his best work. Apart from
Kalidasa, there are some other literary figures of the Gupta period - Bharavi,
Shudraka, Visakhadatta. Bharavi wrote the epic 'Kiratarjuniya' of 18-sargo,
Shudrak wrote the play 'Mrichhakatikam', Visakhadatta became a famous
playwright of this period. Who composed the plays 'Mudrarakshak' and
'Devichandraguptam'. The Puranas and Smritis were also composed during this period.
The last compilation of Mahabharata and Ramayana also took place in this
period. Vishnu Sharma's 'Panchatantra', Kamandak's 'Nitisar', Bhasa:
Vasavadatta', Vatsayayan's 'Kamasutra' etc. are the compositions of this
period. Apart from this, many Jain and Buddhist scholars were born in the Gupta
period who decorated the literature with their works.
Science
and technology: -- Many branches of science and technology
developed during the Gupta period. There was a proper development of
arithmetic, astrology, chemistry, metallurgy etc. The famous mathematician of
this time was Aryabhata, whose work is Aryabhatiya. The eminent astrologer
Varahamihira was another figure of the Gupta era. He composed the
Panchasiddhantika, Brihatsamhita, Brihajjataka and Laghujataka. Nagarjuna was a
well-known scholar of chemistry and metallurgy, who invented 'Rasachikitsa'.
The most famous scholar of Ayurveda was Dhanvantari, who was the courtier of
Chandragupta II Vikramaditya. The best specimens of Gupta metal art are the
Iron Pillar of Mehrauli and the grand statue of Buddha made of copper made from
Sultan Ganj. Gupta period coins and seals are also witness to technological
achievements.
Art:
----
Apart from architecture, sculpture and painting in the Gupta period, the
achievements of the Gupta era in the field of various other arts are very
important in the golden pages of Indian history. In fact, art at this time was
mainly influenced by religion. The construction of temples is the most
important in the field of architecture. Grand temples were built for various
deities. Many technical and construction related features can be seen in these
temples. The Dashavatar Temple (Jhansi) of Deogarh exhibits these
features. The Gupta temples of the early period have flat roofs and the later
temples are spire. Pradakshina-marga was made to circumambulate around the
temple. And by constructing the sanctum sanctorum in the center, idols were
installed in them. Temples have been built on platforms. Mainly the figures of
Ganga-Yamuna have been engraved on the doors. Many Jain temples were also built
during this time. Many stupas, chaityas and viharas were also built. The huge
'Dhammekh-Stupa' of Sarnath was built at this time. Another example of Gupta
architecture is found in Brahmanical and Buddhist cave temples. In this
category, the temple of Udayagiri, which has the idol of Varaha-avatar and the
Bagh and Ajanta caves are important. The Bagh and Ajanta caves depict events
related to Buddha and his life.
Apart
from this, the art of sculpture also has its own specialty in the Gupta period.
The main idols in idol worship are of Vishnu, Shiva. The creation of
Vishnu idols expresses his many forms. Sometimes by showing him alone as the
maintainer of the world and sometimes with 'Lakshmi' in Ksheer Sagar, the
artist has also made him synonymous with worldliness. Shiva was worshiped in
many forms, both in the form of linga and idol.
The best examples of this type of temple and sculpture are the architecture of the era - the early form of which can be seen in the temple of Sanchi and the temple of Devgarh in its mature form. But the female face, lion and elephant have been engraved on the pillars of the Vishnu temple of Eran. In the temple, the temple of the inner village is different. Because it is completely built of bricks and clay idols of Durga and Adivaraha have been kept in its base. Apart from this, the best specimens of Gupta painting have been found from the caves of Ajanta and Bagh. Apart from this, the story of Deepawali, Ramayana, Mahabharata has been displayed very well by the artist in the form of pictures, seeing which it seems that there was a special progress in the field of painting during the Gupta period. The use of colors, lines, expressions and the depiction of subjects have been done very effectively. There was also substantial progress in other diverse arts, fine arts like music, dance, drama, campaign.
Comparison
of Gupta period and Mauryan art
Temple
and idol construction: ------ This tradition of
temple and idol building was not there in Mauryan period, but according to
Patanjali's Mahabhashya, Mauryan artists used to build idols. But in the form
of folk art, the statues of Yaksha and Yakshini obtained from the Maurya period
can be seen and the artist succeeded in showing the complete nudity and the
work of Yaksha to Yakshini and Yakshini to Yaksha with stimulating eyes. But in
the process of idol making in the Gupta period, seriousness and gentleness have
been displayed.
Stupa-Construction:
----
Even during the Gupta period, the construction of stupas continued at an
uninterrupted pace. The stupas of this period, respectively, the Dhamekh Stupa
(Sarnath) and the 'Meeting of Jarasangh' at Rajgriha were built in the Gupta
period itself. In which 'Dhamek Stupa' is completely built from the ground and
bricks have been used in its construction. But the Mauryan stupas are more
developed than the Guptas and their number is also many. Mauryan stupas are
mainly made of stone and these stupas dedicate their highest point to the flag
as a mark of victory of Buddha.
Guha
(Cave) Construction: ----The construction of the cave was
done in both the Gupta period and the Maurya period. But the process of
building the cave is due to the creation of Mauryas. Therefore the caves built
here are a symbol of their infancy. But the shiny polish done in their interior
is a matter of curiosity even for the modern point of view. But the caves built
during the Gupta period reflect the youth of their construction.
While
Mauryan art is communal on one hand, on the other hand, Gupta art is secular,
religious and full of secular life. Which we can see in the caves of Ajanta and
Ellora. In the Gupta period, the Udayagiri Guha inscription and his writings
were dedicated to Brahmanism by Brahmin Matalambi Veerasen. Thus, where the
Maurya era is a symbol of narrowness, the Gupta art is a symbol of broadness.
Construction of Pillars: ---- Pillars have been constructed at both the places of Mauryan and Gupta period. The purpose of building the pillars was to convey the feelings of public interest to their future generations, but in the Mauryan period the pillars were constructed with a single stone and the pillars of Chunar were made of red sandstone. These pillars have become thinner from top to bottom. On this pillar of Maurya, four animals related to the life of Buddha - elephant, horse, bull and lion have been engraved in these pillars, the pillar of Sarnath is prominent. In this pillar, the formation of a chakra on the lion is displayed as a symbol of development on one side and the victory of knowledge over power on the other. Whereas in the pillars built during the Gupta period, stones have been used on the basis of the realization site and no attempt has been made to convey any human consciousness in the form of an animal. The Prayag Prashasti in the Gupta period pillars is also similar to the Maurya period pillars. This is the reason why it is built of monolithic stone. By this a poetic description of the victories of Samudragupta was given and in this form the message of Digvijay was given by the king poet Harishena of Samudragupta to the coming generations, whereas in the Maurya period pillars except Digvijay on the basis of power, Dhamma victory has been displayed.
Architectural
construction: ----- For the first time in the Mauryan
period, stone has been made by Ashoka in architectural construction, while in
his palace, bricks and bamboo and batis were used in place of stones, whereas
brick and stone were commonly used in the Gupta period. were being done.
Conclusion: ---- In conclusion, it can be said that during the Gupta period there was unprecedented progress in every field of civilization and culture and Hindu culture had reached the culmination of its height. Thus we can say that this era has a unique place in Indian history and no other era can come in its capability. Before the Guptas, although the Maurya Empire was very wide, yet in this period this all-round prosperity is not seen in the field of religion, art, literature, knowledge-science etc., which we encounter in the Gupta era. At this time the country reached the culmination of progress in the fields of religion, art, literature, knowledge-science etc. and those traditions were formed which became ideal for the coming centuries. That is why today's Indian is proud.


