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प्रश्न:- हड़प्पा सभ्यता के आंतरिक तथा बाह्य-व्यापार पर प्रकाश डाले।
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Throw light on the internal and external trade of Harappan civilization.
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Throw light on the economic activities of Harappan civilization.
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Describe the trade relations of Harappan civilization with West Asia.
Answer- In the ancient river valley civilizations of the world, the Harappan civilization was developed and the economic world was an urban civilization. Agriculture and trade both played an important role in the development of civilization. Like the developed civilizations like Egypt and Sumer etc., the Harappan civilization also had both internal and external level of trade. Trade was done on the basis of barter. Town-planning, traffic, methods of measurement and weighing, etc. were the auxiliary elements of trade.
Background:- Rivers were an important contributor to developed civilizations like Egypt and Mesopotamia; Like we call Egypt the contribution of the Nile river. Similarly, the development of Mesopotamian Sumerian civilization was due to the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, while the Indus and its tributaries (Ghaghar and Hakra) were very important in the development of the Harappan civilization. People learned to use the fertile fields of these rivers, which resulted in surplus production. As a result of surplus production, the tendency towards stability among individuals increased, population developed. In this way the process of urbanization intensified as well as the demand for surplus consumption goods increased and the demand for luxury and luxury started the process of establishing mutual relations among the people. And the demand for these essential commodities gave rise to the process of exchange among themselves. This process proved to be helpful in the development of trade and commerce of Harappan civilization with other cultures and external trade of Harappan civilization was also seen due to the demand of these goods.
Internal trade----- Internal trade was in a very developed stage under the Harappan civilization. The Harappans also traded with different parts of India and abroad for the luxury goods of the wealthy (rich) class born out of the desire to obtain raw materials and surplus production in search of markets for the goods manufactured by them. Evidence of trade from the Indus civilization is found from archaeological explorations. The people of Harappan civilization used to get copper (Khetri of Rajasthan), gold (Kolar mine of Karnataka), silver (Afghanistan), carnelian (LothalGujarat), Selkhadi (Gujarat), Lajvardamani (ShortughuiAfghanistan) etc.
Means of transport of internal trade: - On the basis of the archaeological evidence found about the means of transport, it can be said that through these means only their internal trade would have been very successful. In which the wheel marks of bullock cart obtained from Banabali, bullock cart toys obtained from Kalibanga, Daimabad and other areas, pictures of boat on a seal obtained from Mohenjodaro etc. show the internal trade of Harappan civilization.
Merchant Center:- In order to make the internal trade of Harappan civilization flourish, the Indus people also paid great attention to the trading centers. Bhagatrao on the banks of the Kim river on the Saurashtra coast, Megham on the banks of the Narmada, Prabhaspatan on the banks of the Hiranya river, Lothal at the confluence of the Bhogwa and Saraswati, Sutkagendor and Sutkakoh on the Makran coast, etc. would have been situated as coastal trading centers. Along with this, the cities of Harappa, Mohenjodaro, Kalibanga, Chanhudaro, Banawali etc. would also have been major centers of trade.
Trade with external or western Asia:- The Harappan civilization also had close trade relations with the countries of Mesopotamia, Egypt and Central Asia. The proof of this is the meeting of seals made in the Indus civilization in Mesopotamia and the meeting of seals of Mesopotamia in the Harappan civilization, it shows that there must have been trade transactions between the two civilizations. In Mesopotamian inscriptions it has been discussed that the merchants of 'Ur' city used to trade with 'Meluha'. Between 'Ur' and 'Meluha' there were two trading centers 'Dilmun' and 'Magan'. This was probably the name of 'Bahrain' and 'Oman' or 'Balochistan' located in the Persian Gulf.
The discovery of Harappan scripts from Persia's 'Phailaka' and Bahrain, Harappan type beads found from Egypt, gorilla and mummy figurines from Lothal, Crete mixed animals and Mohenjodaro's mixed animals attest to this. That the Harappans had trade relations with these countries.
Means of transport for external trade:- The inhabitants of the Indus civilization also kept their attention towards the resources of external trade. Evidence of ports like Lothal (Evidence of Godibara), Sutkakoh, Balakot, Sutkagendor etc. Evidence of ships and boats inscribed on seals etc. Evidence is evidence of external trade of Harappan civilization.
Money and Measurement System: - The trade of Indus civilization was based on barter because no evidence of currency is found from the excavations. Merchants had pawns, which were used as hundi. For the convenience of the merchants, the system of measure and weigh was also prevalent. The digit 16 or its multiple was used as the unit of weight. A scale made of oysters has been found from Mohenjo-Daro and a scale made of ivory from Lothal. It is clear from this that a certain system of measurement was adopted for the progress of trade.
Conclusion:- Overall it can be said that the trade and commerce of Hardpan civilization was a long process and the result of many important events. The trade and commerce of the Hardpan civilization was the pillar of this civilization's urbanization, which promoted Hardpan urbanization and town planning, as well as a clear view of the trade (external trade) of the Hardpan civilization shows that the Hardpan civilization was the same There was a civilization of the period during which the civilization of Mesopotamia and Egypt was developing. However, how such a developed civilization collapsed remains a matter of dispute for historians.
TAGS÷ Trade relations of Hardpan civilization with West Asia, Internal trade, Merchant Center, Ancienthistory.