NOTE:--- ENGLISH AND HINDI LANGUAGE:-
गुप्त राजवंश के इतिहास की जानकारी के स्रोत:
- Must Read It:-गुप्तो के अधीन सामाजिक एवं आर्थिक जीवन
- Must Read It:-गुप्तो की सांस्कृतिक उपलब्धियां
Sources of information about the history of Gupta dynasty:
Answer: -- The political situation in northern India between the decline of the Kushan dynasty and the rise of the Gupta dynasty is generally described as the Dark Ages. If seen, this era was an era of political disconnection. In the absence of any central authority, new forces emerged, all of which were in conflict with each other. Many republics became powerful in Rajasthan, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and Punjab. The power of serpents emerged in Padmavati, Vidisha (M.P.) and Mathura (U.P.). The Vakatakas became powerful after the Satavahanas in the Deccan. Under extremely difficult circumstances, the Guptas, on the strength of their military capability and diplomacy, made all these powers their supporters or subordinates and established a huge and powerful empire in India. In fact, after the Mauryas, the rulers of the Gupta dynasty again established political unity in India and implemented a strong administrative system in it. It was the result of the strong administrative system and political unity established by the Guptas that this empire made unprecedented progress in the fields of art, education and literature, religion, culture and knowledge-science etc. Enchanted by the progress made in every field, many scholars named this era as the "Golden Age". For the information about the history of the Gupta dynasty, we have a sufficient amount of literary and archaeological sources available.
Sources of information about the history of the Gupta dynasty:-- The rule of the Gupta dynasty is considered to be an important period in Indian history. It was a period of Indian revival from both political and cultural point of view. The sources of information of this era are also more than before. In the sources of the Gupta period, both literary and archaeological sources are abundant, which we can understand under the following references--
(A) Literary Sources:--- Adequate literary sources are available for
information about the history of the Gupta period. Most of these are
indigenous, but some foreign (travel-details) literature also throws light on
the history, civilization and culture of the Gupta period. Indigenous
literature can be described under the following subheadings.
(i) Puranas:-- We can give the most prominent place in the native literature to the Puranas. The genealogy given in the Puranas gives information about the political history of the Gupta rulers. Although information about the Gupta kings is obtained from all the Puranas (18), but the names of Brahmanda Purana, Vayu Purana and Vishnu Purana can be taken in the Puranas that are notable for the Gupta period. Complete details of the Gupta Empire are present in these Puranas. From this, information is obtained about the extent of the kingdom of Guptas and various kings.
(ii) Dharmashastra:-- Knowledge about religion, rites, condition of women and moral ideals is also obtained from the scriptures. In these, the memories of Jupiter, Narada etc. probably belong to this period. In the time of Chandragupta II, Kamandaka composed 'Nitisara'. The purpose and subject matter of this book is very similar to Kautilya's Arthashastra. In this, the king has been taught to run the rule smoothly. This throws a good light on the Gupta administration.
(iii) Poetry drama literature :- Poetry drama literature gives
good information about the history, civilization and culture of Gupta period.
In this category, the compositions of Devichandraguptam, Mudrarakshak,
Vatsyayana's Kamasutra, Vasubandhu's biography, Kaumudimahotsava, Shudrak's
Mrichhakatikam and Kalidasa's can be placed in this category. The relationship
with Chandragupta II and the Shakas is reviewed in Devichandraguptam. There is
a good description of diplomacy in the play Mudrarakshak. The Mrichhakatikam of
Shudrak throws light on the social and administrative system of the time. The
Kamasutra gives information about civilian life. The compositions of Kalidas
are very important for the Gupta period. Although little is known about
political history from them, yet they are of special importance for cultural
studies. Prominent among his plays are Ritusanhara, Raghuvansh, Kumarasambhava,
Meghdoot, Malavikagnimitram, Abhijnanashakuntalam.
(iv) Buddhist and Jain literature:-- In addition to the Sanskrit poetic drama, Buddhist and Jain literature also throws light on the history of the Gupta period. The most prominent of the Buddhist texts is Manjusrimulakalpa. It is a Mahayana Buddhist text written in Sanskrit. It gives a glimpse of Pala era history from the early century of Christ. Secret history is also mentioned in it. The Jain text Harivamsa Purana (composed by Jinsen Suri) also throws light on the history of the Guptas.
Apart from these texts, important information about the secret history is also obtained from the texts like Krishna Charitra, Setubandh, Harshcharitra, Kavya Mimamsa, Kathasaritsagar etc.
(v) Details of foreign travelers:--- Travel details of foreign travelers are also very important for information about the history of Gupta period, although they do not throw much light on political history, but in these details of religious social and economic condition. Very well depicted. Until the rise of the Gupta dynasty, Buddhism had been well propagated abroad by the efforts of the Kushanas. As a result, many Chinese travelers later came to India in search of knowledge. The first of such Chinese travelers was Fahien. Who came to India during the time of Chandragupta II. He has described the then administrative, social, economic and religious situation here in his book "Pho-kyo-ki" (Record of the Buddhist Kingdoms). The description of Sung-yun gives information about the Hun invasion. Two other Chinese travelers named Hiuen Tsang and Itsing also came to India. Sometimes in his texts also a tableau of Gupta civilization and culture is found. The descriptions given in Hiuen Tsang's book "Si-yu-ki" and Itsing's book "Kow-fa-kao-sang chun" give some information about the time of the Guptas. Alberuni's book "Tahqiq-ul-Hind" (Kitabul-Hind), who came to India in the 11th century, also helps in determining the date of Gupta Samvat. Thus literary sources become important sources of information on Gupta history.
(B) Archaeological sources:---- The abundance of archaeological resources increases in the Gupta period. Archaeological evidence is more reliable than literary evidence. In this period, important support is obtained in the information of history from inscriptions, coins and other archaeological remains.
(i) Records:-- The most important place among the archaeological resources is that of records. The inscriptions of the Gupta period are engraved on rocks, pillars and copper plates. Their language is Sanskrit. These inscriptions reveal the genealogy of the Gupta rulers, their acts, their charity and political skill. Information about government officials and administrative arrangements is also available from the records. The Gupta inscriptions also give information about the social, economic and religious condition. Historically the main Gupta records are Prayag Prashasti and Eran inscriptions of Samudragupta, Mehrauli and Udaygiri Guha inscriptions of Chandragupta, Bhilsad, Garhwa, Mandsaur inscriptions of Kumargupta and Inner and Kahaum inscriptions of Skandagupta.
(ii) Coins:--- Gupta period coins (currencies) also throws a wide light on the then situation. The Gupta era is considered to be the beginning of a new era in the history of Indian currency. Gold, silver and copper coins were made during the Gupta period. Currencies help in determining the boundaries of the empire. The pictures engraved on the coins reveal about the physical appearance and personality of the emperors. From these mudras, on the one hand, politics is helpful in the study of history and on the other hand it also gives knowledge of the then culture and daily life.
(iii) Seals:- The seals obtained from the excavation are also important means of information about the history of Gupta period. Many Gupta seals have been received from Vaishali and Nalanda. Which throws light about the provincial and local system of the time.
(iv) Monuments:--- Gupta monuments also help in getting information about history. Many monuments and artifacts have been found during the Gupta period. Such as the grand Buddha statue of Gupta style, recorded Buddha and Jain sculptures, many temples of Gupta period (Udayagiri, Tigwa and Deogarh temples), the study of all these means helps in knowing the political, social, economic and religious condition of the Gupta Empire.
On the basis of the above descriptions, it can be said that both
literary and archaeological means have proved to be important for the
information of Gupta history. Yes, it can be said in relation to both the
sources that the archaeological sources can be considered more authentic than
the literary sources.
TAGS:-- Literary Sources of Gupta period, Archaeological sources of Gupta period,Ancienthistory.
