NOTE:--- ENGLISH AND HINDI LANGUAGE:-
प्रश्न:- हर्षवर्धन की
उपलब्धियों का मूल्यांकन कीजिए।
Dr. Om Prakash Singh, Assistant Professor, Deptt of History, Government P.G CollegeThakurdwara, Moradabad (U.P) India.
- Must Read It:-Sources to know the history of Harshavardhana.
Question: - Evaluate the achievements of Harshavardhana.
Answer:
--- The achievements of Harshavardhana are very important in ancient Indian
history. At the time when Harsha ascended the throne, there was lack of
political unity in India and the whole of India was divided into many small
states. In these states, there were constant conflicts due to expansion of the
empire and mutual hatred. There was no such powerful state among them that
could bind India in the thread of political unity. The kingdom of Harsha's
ancestors was also not strong enough to end this decentralization process. In such
circumstances it was not an easy task for any ruler to establish a powerful
empire.
The
achievements of Harshavardhana can be evaluated under the following
subheadings---
(1)
Political achievements: --- Harsha became the ruler of Thaneshwar in 606 AD at the
age of 16 in extremely difficult circumstances. Shashank, the ruler of Bengal
and Devagupta, the ruler of Malwa, together killed Harsha's brother-in-law
Grahavarma and took her sister Rajyashree captive. After this these people also
killed Harsha's elder brother Rajyavardhan.
In this way, Harshavardhana got a small kingdom of Thaneswar as a legacy, which was surrounded by traditional enemies. Harsha's most important problem is to take revenge on Shashank, the ruler of Bengal who had killed his brother. Malwa and the states of Bihar and Bengal jointly killed his brother-in-law Grahavarma and took his sister Rajyashree as a prisoner. With the aim of dealing with all these problems, he started military campaigns as soon as he sat on the throne. In this sequence, with the help of Bhaskarvarma, the ruler of Kamrup, he invaded Bengal and subjugated it. After that he conquered Kanauj by attacking and started ruling on behalf of his sister Rajyashree and later made Kannauj his capital. After this he also captured Magadha and Orissa.
Harsha had conflicts with the rulers of Malwa, Gurjar and Vallabhi in western India, but on the basis of available sources, light is thrown on Harsha's struggle with Dhruvasena, the ruler of Vallabhi. Harsha was successful in the beginning, but soon Vallabhi achieved his powerful position with the help of Gurjars and the states. Thereafter, Dhruvsen ended this traditional enmity by marrying Harsha's daughter through matrimonial relationship.
Harsha's
military campaign towards the south was a complete failure. It is clear from
the descriptions of Hiuen Tsang and South Indian sources that the Chalukya king
Pulakeshin II had defeated Harsha and even after Pulakeshin's death, Harsha was
able to control only Kangora in Ganjam district. Thus Harsha's empire was
mainly confined to East Punjab, Ganga-Yamuna Do-Aab, Bihar, Orissa and West
Bengal.
As
a diplomat and visionary ruler, Harsha deserves the best place in ancient
history. The friendship with Kamrup is a testament to Harsha's foresight as he
was also against Shashank. Similarly, establishing friendly relations with
Vallabhi was also beneficial for Harsha because Vallabhi came between the
kingdoms of Harsha and Pulakeshin II. Therefore this friendship was necessary
for the southern campaign. Making Kannauj under his empire is also a sign of
Harsha's diplomacy.
(2)
Administrative achievements: -- Harsha's governance system was based on the
administrative policy of the Guptas, it was amended and changed as per its
requirement. According to the monarchical system, Harsha was the head of the
state and governance. All the powers of the state were concentrated in him.
Constitutionally he was an all-powerful and autocratic ruler. But in practice
he was a Prajavatsal ruler. He was always engaged in public welfare works.
Harsha had formed the Council of Ministers for governance. Its minister was
called Sachiv or Amatya. For the convenience of administration, the empire was
divided into 'Bhuktis' which were under the Uparika. Bhukti was divided into vishayas
(districts), which were under the vijayapati. The subject was divided into
villages, which lived under the Gramakshapatalik.
The
state received income from various sources, the most prominent of which was the
land tax, which usually accounted for 1/6th of the produce. Apart from this,
forests were also an important source of state income. Other sources of income
were trade, industry, mines and money received as punishment from criminals.
Harsha
was a very ambitious emperor, he paid special attention to the military system.
Hiuen Tsang calls Harsha's army Chaturangini, which gives an impression that
his army had four parts - foot, cavalry, chariot army and elephant troops. But
due to the development of feudalism, the emperor had to take help from the
feudal lords for the army. He also established a strict judicial system. Police
department was also established for peace and order. Police personnel were
called 'chaat' and 'bhat'.
(3)
Cultural achievements: -- Harsha's cultural achievements are also important.
Harsha was personally a supporter of Mahayana Buddhism and gained the same fame
as Kanishka and Menander for its propagation. Despite this he was religiously
tolerant. Evidence of this is found in religious meetings held every five years
in Prayag, where Buddha was worshiped on the first day, Shiva on the second
day, and the sun on the third day.
Harsha
is known as the most charitable ruler in ancient India. He used to organize a
fair in Prayag every fifth year. In which he used to give a lot of money to the
oppressed. He (Harsha) followed Ashoka the Great in public welfare works. He
always paid attention to the works of the interest of the people. He treated
the people like his own son. And at all times used to contemplate and meditate
on their happiness. For the convenience of the passengers, roads were
constructed and trees and sarais were constructed on its side and special care
was taken for the convenience of the passengers. Along with religious priests,
he also donated huge amount of money to the poor.
Harsha's
achievements in the field of education, literature and art are also
significant. He provided special assistance in their development and spread. He
respected scholars and provided them shelter in his court. He himself was a
gifted writer. He himself composed high quality plays in Sanskrit language
which are Nagananda, Ratnavali and Priyadarsika. In his Rajya Sabha, the
well-known poet Banabhatta had a royal shelter, whose works named
'Harshacharitra' and 'Kadambari' hold their special place in the literature of
Sanskrit language. Apart from Banabhatta, many scholars and writers lived in
his court. He also paid special attention to the spread of education. Many
foreign scholars used to come to India for education. Nalanda was the biggest
center of education at that time.
At
this time there was an unprecedented development in the field of art. The art
of this period had the tendencies and characteristics of the art of the Gupta
period. Its samples still exist today. Idols of many gods and goddesses and
temples and buildings were built. Some of the paintings of Ajanta are the great
contribution of this period. Music was also in advanced stage at this time.
Conclusion:
--- After the above discussion, it can be said that Harsha's political, administrative
and cultural achievements are significant. The importance of Harsha's
achievements increases even more because he stopped the process of
decentralization that started in India after the Guptas and once again
established political integration in India and tried to bring the whole of
northern India into one umbrella state, but He had little success. Despite
this, it was difficult to establish a powerful state in India and to run a well
organized and strong rule over it under the conditions prevailing in front of
him. He made Kannauj as the capital of the erstwhile Pataliputra and made it
the center of the activities of his rule.
TAGS:- Evaluate the achievements of Harshavardhana, Political achievements Administrative achievements, Cultural achievements, Ancienthistory.
