NOTTE:--- ENGLISH AND HINDI LANGUAGE:-
मौर्यो के अधीन शिक्षा, भाषा, लिपि एवं साहित्य का विकास:
Dr Om Prakash Singh
उत्तर:---- मौर्यो की
केंद्रीय शासन व्यवस्था के दौरान शिक्षा, भाषा, लिपि एवं साहित्य का भी अभूतपूर्व विकास हुआ, जिसे हम निम्नलिखित संदर्भो
में उल्लेखित कर सकते है---
- Must Read It:-Assessment of Ashoka the Great.
IN ENGLISH:-
Development of education, language, script and literature under the Mauryas: ---
Answer:
----
During the Mauryan's central government system, there was an unprecedented
development of education, language, script and literature, which we can mention
in the following contexts---
(A)
Education: -- There was good progress in the field of
education during the Maurya period. Students used to get education in Gurukuls.
Although the state did not arrange education on its own behalf, financial
assistance was given to the teachers and priests. Brahmadeya land was also
donated to them by the state. Many famous educational centers were established
throughout the empire. Taxila, Banaras, Ujjain etc. were famous centers of education,
where students from far and wide used to come to get education. Taxila was a
well-known center of higher education. Kaushalraj Prasenjit had lived as a
student of Taxila. The royal physician of Emperor Bimbisara was the teacher of
Takshashila. Chandragupta Maurya had lived in Taxila for some time as a
disciple of Acharya Chanakya. Similarly many princes used to study in Taxila.
The Acharyas of Taxila were well known for their knowledge. Apart from
religious education, education was given in political science, archery, medical
science, mantra, astrology etc. In the Maurya period, in addition to higher
education centers like Taxila, education was also imparted in gurukuls,
monasteries and viharas. Shilpi Sangh used to give vocational education. Apart
from this, many Acharyas, priests etc. used to teach personally. Indians had
become familiar with the art of writing. Their proof is the inscriptions of
Ashoka. Curtius also says that Indians used to write pieces of flax cloth and
bark of trees. Reflecting on the state of education during the Maurya reign,
Dr. V.A. Smith has written that "the percentage rate of education in India
during the time of Ashoka was higher than that of many provinces of the British
state." But it should be kept in mind that the doors of the education
center of Taxila were open only to the first three Varnas. Shudras were
prohibited from entering.
(B) Language: --- Two languages were prevalent in the Mauryan period--
(1)
Sanskrit language: ----- Sanskrit language was considered
to be the language of the literary and educated class. Hindu religious texts
were composed in Sanskrit languages. Sanskrit in which the entire Vedic
Samhita, Brahmanas, Aranyakas, Upanishads and Sutra literature were written.
Its form was tied to the rules of grammar.
(2)
Prakrit or Pali literature:-- This language was the
language of the common man, Gautam Buddha made this language the medium of his
teachings. The early Buddhist literature Tripitaka and Jataka are written in
this language. This language also started taking the form of literary language.
Ashoka accepted this language as the official language and his inscriptions,
which were widespread throughout the country, were written in this language.
This language was the language of the people's literature in North India and it
was related to the people's languages of other provinces, but it was still
closer to the people than Sanskrit.
(C)
Script: -- At this time there were two scripts in India---
(1)
Brahmi script: -- Brahmi script was used in all India
except western India. This script was sitting on the post of national script.
This script is the mother of scripts of different provinces of modern India,
Sri Lanka, and Tibet etc. This script was written from right to left. Its
composition is a sign of the high talent of ancient Indians.
(2) Kharoshthi script: ---- Kharosthi script was prevalent in western India. This script was written from right to left like the Arabic script. The inscriptions of Ashoka which are found in this part, their language is Pali but the script is Kharoshthi. A special type of palm leaf has been used at that time to write Kharoshthi script. Its alphabet was based on Sanskrit.
(D)
Mauryan Literature: ---- Mauryan period was also the period
of literary creation. Like the three religious sects, the literature of this
period was divided into three ideologies. E.g. Vedic current, Buddhist
literature and Jain literature. Which can be described as follows--?
(1)
Vedic literature: --- Griha Sutras, Dharma Sutras and
Vedangas have been composed in this period under the Vedic stream. Mahapandit
Chanakya composed his great book Arthashastra. Probably Katyayana wrote his
Vartikas on Panini's Ashtadhyayi at this time. There is a mention of a Brahmin
named Subandhu in many scholars. Who was the minister of Bindoorsar. He is said
to be the author of the play Vasavadatta Natya Dhara. According to the
Brihatkatha Kosh, another scholar named 'Kavi' also happened at this time. Some
scholars are of the opinion that a famous scholar named Vatsayayana also
happened at this time and he composed another book called Kamasutra. But this
view is highly doubtful. Bhasa's plays were also composed during this time.
Some scholars have such a belief that some parts of Ramayana and Mahabharata
were modified at this time. The best political treatise of this period was
Kautilya's Arthashastra.
(2)
Buddhist Literature: - For Buddhist literature, Ashoka's
period is historical. At the same time important events such as the Third
Buddhist Council, the organization of the Tripitakas and the composition of the
story of the Abhidhammapitaka by Tissa took place.
(3)
Jain literature: --- Mauryan period is not less important
from the point of view of Jain literature. At this time the famous Acharya of
Jainism became Bhadrabahu. According to legend, Chandragupta Maurya accepted
Jainism because of his inspiration. Other Jain scholars Jambuswami, Prabhava
and Swayambhava also happened during this period. All these creations are the
property of Jainism. Many scholars are of the opinion that the Acharangasutra,
Bhagwatisutra, Sanvayangsutra etc. of Jainism were mostly composed during this
time.
On
the basis of the above descriptions, it can be said that education, language,
script and literature had all-round development during the Maurya period. Peace
in a nation and a happy and prosperous life of the people have been considered
suitable for the development of education and literature. As a result, we get
progress in these areas during this period.
TAGS:- Development of education, language, script and literature under the Mauryas, Prakrit or Pali literature, Sanskrit language, Jain literature, Buddhist Literature, Vedic literature Brahmi script, Kharoshthi script

